Biotechnology of microbial enzymes : production, biocatalysis and industrial applications
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Biotechnology of microbial enzymes : production, biocatalysis and industrial applications
Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, c2023
2nd ed.
- : pbk
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内容説明
Biotechnology of Microbial Enzymes: Production, Biocatalysis, and Industrial Applications, Second Edition provides a complete survey of the latest innovations on microbial enzymes, highlighting biotechnological advances in their production and purification along with information on successful applications as biocatalysts in several chemical and industrial processes under mild and green conditions.
The application of recombinant DNA technology within industrial fermentation and the production of enzymes over the last three decades have produced a host of useful chemical and biochemical substances. The power of these technologies results in novel transformations, better enzymes, a wide variety of applications, and the unprecedented development of biocatalysts through the ongoing integration of molecular biology methodology, all of which is covered insightfully and in-depth within the book.
This fully revised, second edition is updated to address the latest research developments and applications in the field, from microbial enzymes recently applied in drug discovery to penicillin biosynthetic enzymes and penicillin acylase, xylose reductase, and microbial enzymes used in antitubercular drug design. Across the chapters, the use of microbial enzymes in sustainable development and production processes is fully considered, with recent successes and ongoing challenges highlighted.
目次
1. Biotechnology of microbial enzymes: production, biocatalysis, and industrial applications-an overview Goutam Brahmachari
1.1 Introduction 1.2 An overview of the book 1.2.1 Chapter 2 1.2.2 Chapter 3 1.2.3 Chapter 4 1.2.4 Chapter 5 1.2.5 Chapter 6 1.2.6 Chapter 7 1.2.7 Chapter 8 1.2.8 Chapter 9 1.2.9 Chapter 10 1.2.10 Chapter 11 1.2.11 Chapter 12 1.2.12 Chapter 13 1.2.13 Chapter 14 1.2.14 Chapter 15 1.2.15 Chapter 16 1.2.16 Chapter 17 1.2.17 Chapter 18 1.2.18 Chapter 19 1.2.19 Chapter 20 1.2.20 Chapter 21 1.2.21 Chapter 22 1.2.22 Chapter 23 1.2.23 Chapter 24 1.2.24 Chapter 25 1.2.25 Chapter 26 1.3 Concluding remarks
2. Useful microbial enzymes-an introduction Beatriz Ruiz-Villafan, Romina Rodriguez-Sanoja and Sergio Sanchez
2.1 The enzymes: a class of useful biomolecules 2.2 Microbial enzymes for industry 2.3 Improvement of enzymes 2.4 Discovery of new enzymes 2.5 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments Abbreviations References
3. Production, purification, and application of microbial enzymes Anil Kumar Patel, Cheng-Di Dong, Chiu-Wen Chen, Ashok Pandey and Reeta Rani Singhania
3.1 Introduction 3.2 Production of microbial enzymes 3.2.1 Enzyme production in industries 3.2.2 Industrial enzyme production technology 3.3 Strain improvements 3.3.1 Mutation 3.3.2 Recombinant DNA technology 3.3.3 Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 technology 3.3.4 Protein engineering 3.4 Downstream processing/enzyme purification 3.5 Product formulations 3.6 Global enzyme market scenarios 3.7 Industrial applications of enzymes 3.7.1 Food industry 3.7.2 Textile industry 3.7.3 Detergent industry 3.7.4 Pulp and paper industry 3.7.5 Animal feed industry 3.7.6 Leather industry 3.7.7 Biofuel from biomass 3.7.8 Enzyme applications in the chemistry and pharma sectors 3.8 Concluding remarks Abbreviations References
4. Solid-state fermentation for the production of microbial cellulases Sudhanshu S. Behera, Ankush Kerketta and Ramesh C. Ray
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Solid-state fermentation 4.2.1 Comparative aspects of solid-state and submerged fermentations 4.2.2 Cellulase-producing microorganisms in solid-state fermentation 4.2.3 Extraction of microbial cellulase in solid-state fermentation 4.2.4 Measurement of cellulase activity in solid-state fermentation 4.3 Lignocellulosic residues/wastes as solid substrates in solid-state fermentation 4.4 Pretreatment of agricultural residues 4.4.1 Physical pretreatments 4.4.2 Physiochemical pretreatment 4.4.3 Chemical pretreatments 4.4.4 Biological pretreatment 4.5 Environmental factors affecting microbial cellulase production in solid-state fermentation 4.5.1 Water activity/moisture content 4.5.2 Temperature 4.5.3 Mass transfer processes: aeration and nutrient diffusion 4.5.4 Substrate particle size 4.5.5 Other factors 4.6 Strategies to improve production of microbial cellulase 4.6.1 Metabolic engineering and strain improvement 4.6.2 Recombinant strategy (heterologous cellulase expression) 4.6.3 Mixed-culture (coculture) systems 4.7 Fermenter (bioreactor) design for cellulase production in solid-state fermentation 4.7.1 Tray bioreactor 4.7.2 Packed bed reactor 4.7.3 Rotary drum bioreactor 4.7.4 Fluidized bed reactor 4.8 Biomass conversions and application of microbial cellulase 4.8.1 Textile industry 4.8.2 Laundry and detergent 4.8.3 Paper and pulp industry 4.8.4 Bioethanol and biofuel production 4.8.5 Food industry 4.8.6 Agriculture 4.9 Concluding remarks Abbreviations References
5. Hyperthermophilic subtilisin-like proteases from Thermococcus kodakarensis Ryo Uehara, Hiroshi Amesaka, Yuichi Koga, Kazufumi Takano, Shigenori Kanaya and Shun-ichi Tanaka
5.1 Introduction 5.2 Two Subtilisin-like proteases from Thermococcus Kodakarensis KOD1 5.3 TK-subtilisin 5.3.1 Ca21-dependent maturation of Tk-subtilisin 5.3.2 Crystal structures of Tk-subtilisin 5.3.3 Requirement of Ca21-binding loop for folding 5.3.4 Ca21 ion requirements for hyperstability 5.3.5 Role of Tkpro 5.3.6 Role of the insertion sequences 5.3.7 Cold-adapted maturation through Tkpro engineering 5.3.8 Degradation of PrPSc by Tk-subtilisin 5.3.9 Tk-subtilisin pulse proteolysis experiments 5.4 Tk-SP 5.4.1 Maturation of Pro-Tk-SP 5.4.2 Crystal structure of Pro-S359A 5.4.3 Role of proN 5.4.4 Role of the C-domain 5.4.5 PrPSc degradation by Tk-SP 5.5 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments Abbreviations References
6. Enzymes from basidiomycetes-peculiar and efficient tools for biotechnology Thais Marques Uber, Emanueli Backes, Vinicius Mateus Salvatore Saute, Bruna Polacchine da Silva, Rubia Carvalho Gomes Corre a, Camila Gabriel Kato, Flavio Augusto Vicente Seixas, Adelar Bracht and Rosane Marina Peralta
6.1 Introduction 6.2 Brown- and white-rot fungi 6.3 Isolation and laboratory maintenance of wood-rot basidiomycetes 6.4 Basidiomycetes as producers of enzymes involved in the degradation of lignocellulose biomass 6.4.1 Enzymes involved in the degradation of cellulose and hemicelluloses 6.4.2 Enzymes involved in lignin degradation 6.5 Production of ligninolytic enzymes by basidiomycetes: screening and production in laboratory scale 6.6 General characteristics of the main ligninolytic enzymes with potential biotechnological applications 6.6.1 Laccases 6.6.2 Peroxidases 6.7 Industrial and biotechnological applications of ligninolytic enzymes from basidiomycetes 6.7.1 Application of ligninolytic enzymes in delignification of vegetal biomass and biological detoxification for biofuel production 6.7.2 Application of ligninolytic enzymes in the degradation of xenobiotic compounds 6.7.3 Application of ligninolytic enzymes in the degradation of textile dyes 6.7.4 Application of ligninolytic enzymes in pulp and paper industry 6.8 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments Abbreviations References
7. Metagenomics and new enzymes for the bioeconomy to 2030 Patricia Molina-Espeja, Cristina Coscolin, Peter N. Golyshin and Manuel Ferrer
7.1 Introduction 7.2 Metagenomics 7.3 Activity-based methods for enzyme search in metagenomes 7.4 Computers applied to metagenomic enzyme search 7.5 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References
8. Enzymatic biosynthesis of ss-lactam antibiotics Swati Srivastava, Reeta Bhati and Rajni Singh
8.1 Introduction 8.2 Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of ss-lactam antibiotics 8.2.1 Isopenicillin N synthase 8.2.2 ss-Lactam synthetase 8.2.3 Carbapenam synthetase (Cps) 8.2.4 Tabtoxinine ss-lactam synthetase (Tbl S) 8.2.5 Deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase and deacetylcephalosporin C synthase 8.2.6 Clavaminic acid synthase 8.2.7 Nonribosomal peptide synthetases 8.3 Semisynthetic ss-lactam derivatives 8.4 Concluding remarks Abbreviations References
9. Insights into the molecular mechanisms of ss-lactam antibiotic synthesizing and modifying enzymes in fungi Juan F. Martin, Carlos Garcia-Estrada and Paloma Liras
9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis: a brief overview 9.1.2 Genes involved in penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthesis 9.2 ACV synthetase 9.2.1 The ACV assembly line 9.2.2 The cleavage function of the integrated thioesterase domain 9.3 Isopenicillin N synthase 9.3.1 Binding and lack of cyclization of the LLL-ACV 9.3.2 The iron-containing active center 9.3.3 The crystal structure of isopenicillin N synthase 9.3.4 Recent advances in the cyclization mechanism 9.4 Acyl-CoA ligases: a wealth of acyl-CoA ligases activate penicillin side-chain precursors 9.5 Isopenicillin N acyltransferase (IAT) 9.5.1 Posttranslational maturation of the IAT 9.5.2 The IPN/6-APA/PenG substrate-binding pocket 9.5.3 A transient acyl-IAT intermediate 9.5.4 The origin of IAT: an homologous AT in many fungal genomes 9.6 Transport of intermediates and penicillin secretion 9.6.1 Transport of isopenicillin N into peroxisomes 9.6.2 IAT is easily accessible to external 6-APA 9.6.3 Intracellular traffic of intermediates and secretion of penicillins 9.7 Production of semisynthetic penicillins by penicillin acylases 9.7.1 Molecular mechanisms of penicillin acylases 9.7.2 Novel developments in industrial applications of penicillin acylases 9.8 Concluding remarks Abbreviations References
10. Role of glycosyltransferases in the biosynthesis of antibiotics Pankaj Kumar, Sanju Singh, Vishal A. Ghadge, Harshal Sahastrabudhe, Meena R. Rathod and Pramod B. Shinde 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Classification and structural insights of glycosyltransferases 10.3 Role of glycosylation in enhancing bioactivity 10.3.1 Vancomycin 10.3.2 Tiacumicin B 10.3.3 Amycolatopsins 10.3.4 Digitoxin 10.3.5 Aminoglycosides 10.4 Engineering biosynthetic pathway of antibiotics by altering glycosyltransferases 10.4.1 Combinatorial biosynthesis 10.4.2 Glycorandomization 10.5 Identification of glycosyltransferases and glycosylated molecules using bioinformatics 10.6 Concluding remarks Abbreviations References
11. Relevance of microbial glucokinases Beatriz Ruiz-Villafan, Diana Rocha, Alba Romero and Sergio Sanchez
11.1 Introduction 11.2 Synthesis, biochemical properties, and regulation 11.3 Structure 11.4 Catalytic mechanism 11.5 Production 11.6 Potential applications in industrial processes 11.7 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References
12. Myctobacterium tuberculosis DapA as a target for antitubercular drug design Ayushi Sharma, Ashok Kumar Nadda and Rahul Shrivastava
12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Tuberculosis: global epidemiology 12.2 Challenges encountered by the scientific communities 12.3 MTB cell wall: a source of drug targets 12.3.1 Targeting MTB cell wall enzymes 12.4 The diaminopimelate (DAP) pathway (lysine synthesis pathway) 12.5 Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DapA) 12.5.1 Structure of MTB DapA 12.5.2 Action mechanism of MTB DapA 12.5.3 Active site of MTB DapA 12.5.4 Kinetic parameters of MTB DapA 12.5.5 Regulation of MTB DapA activity 12.5.6 Inhibitors against MTB DapA 12.6 Previous experiments targeting MTB Dap pathway enzymes 12.7 Significance of inhibitors against MTB Dap pathway enzymes 12.8 Concluding remarks Acknowledgment Abbreviations References
13. Lipase-catalyzed organic transformations: a recent update Goutam Brahmachari
13.1 Introduction 13.2 Chemoenzymatic applications of lipases in organic transformations: a recent update 13.3 Concluding remarks References
14. Tyrosinase and Oxygenases: Fundamentals and Applications Shagun Sharma, Kanishk Bhatt, Rahul Shrivastava and Ashok Kumar Nadda
14.1 Introduction 14.2 Origin and Sources 14.2.1 Tyrosinase 14.2.2 Oxygenase 14.3 Molecular Structure of Tyrosinase and Oxygenase 14.3.1 Molecular structure of Tyrosinase 14.3.2 Oxygenase 14.4 Mechanism of Catalytic Action 14.4.1 Tyrosinase: mechanism of the reaction 14.4.2 Oxygenase 14.5 Applications of Tyrosinase and Oxygenase 14.5.1 Biological applications 14.5.2 Applications in food industry 14.5.3 Applications in bioremediation 14.5.4 Medicinal applications 14.5.5 Industrial applications 14.6 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgement Abbreviations References
15. Application of microbial enzymes as drugs in human therapy and healthcare Miguel Arroyo, Isabel de la Mata, Carlos Barreiro, Jose Luis Garcia and Jose Luis Barredo
15.1 Introduction 15.2 Manufacture of therapeutic enzymes 15.2.1 Production and purification 15.2.2 Preparation of "single-enzyme nanoparticles": SENization 15.2.3 Oral enzyme therapy 15.3 Examples of microbial enzymes aimed at human therapy and healthcare 15.3.1 "Clot buster" microbial enzymes 15.3.2 Microbial enzymes as digestive aids 15.3.3 Microbial enzymes for the treatment of congenital diseases 15.3.4 Microbial enzymes for the treatment of infectious diseases: enzybiotics 15.3.5 Microbial enzymes for burn debridement and fibroproliferative diseases: collagenase 15.3.6 Enzymes for the treatment of cancer 15.3.7 Other enzymes for the treatment of other health disorders 15.4 Concluding remarks Abbreviations References
16. Microbial enzymes in pharmaceutical industry Nidhi Y. Patel, Dhritiksha M. Baria, Dimple S. Pardhi, Shivani M. Yagnik, Rakeshkumar R. Panchal, Kiransinh N. Rajput and Vikram H. Raval
16.1 Introduction 16.2 Cataloging of hydrolases used in pharmaceutical industry 16.3 Microbial enzymes in pharmaceutical processes 16.3.1 Therapeutics 16.3.2 Antiinflammatory 16.3.3 Enzybiotics 16.4 Concluding remarks Abbreviations References
17. Microbial enzymes of use in industry Xiangyang Liu and Chandrakant Kokare
17.1 Introduction 17.2 Classification and chemical nature of microbial enzymes 17.2.1 Amylases 17.2.2 Catalases 17.2.3 Cellulases 17.2.4 Lipases 17.2.5 Pectinases 17.2.6 Proteases 17.2.7 Xylanases 17.2.8 Other enzymes 17.3 Production of microbial enzymes 17.3.1 Fermentation methods 17.3.2 Purification methods 17.4 Applications of microbial enzymes 17.4.1 Plastic/polymer biodegradation 17.4.2 Food and beverage 17.4.3 Detergents 17.4.4 Removal of pollutants 17.4.5 Textiles 17.4.6 Animal feed 17.4.7 Ethanol production 17.4.8 Other applications 17.5 Future of microbial enzymes 17.6 Concluding remarks References
18. Microbial enzymes used in food industry Pedro Fernandes and Filipe Carvalho
18.1 Introduction 18.1.1 A global perspective on the use of enzymes in the food industry 18.1.2 Identification/improvement of the right biocatalyst 18.1.3 Enzyme sources and safety issues 18.2 Microbial enzymes in food industry 18.2.1 Production of enzymes for food processing 18.2.2 Formulation of enzymes for use in food processing 18.2.3 Granulation of enzymes 18.2.4 Tablets 18.2.5 Immobilization 18.2.6 Applications in food industries 18.3 Concluding remarks Abbreviations References
19. Carbohydrases: a class of all-pervasive industrial biocatalysts Archana S. Rao, Ajay Nair, Hima A. Salu, K.R. Pooja, Nandini Amrutha Nandyal, Venkatesh S. Joshi, Veena S. More, Niyonzima Francois, K.S. Anantharaju and Sunil S. More
19.1 Introduction 19.2 Classification of carbohydrases 19.2.1 Glycosidases 19.2.2 Glycosyltransferase 19.2.3 Glycosyl phosphorylases 19.2.4 Polysaccharide lyases 19.2.5 Carbohydrate esterases 19.3 Sources 19.3.1 Marine microorganisms 19.3.2 Rumen bacteria 19.3.3 Genetically modified organisms 19.3.4 Fungi and yeasts 19.4 Industrial production of carbohydrase 19.4.1 Enzyme immobilization 19.5 Industrial applications of carbohydrases 19.5.1 Enzymes involved in the production of beverages 19.5.2 Enzymes involved in the production of prebiotics 19.5.3 Enzymes involved in syrup and isomaltulose production 19.5.4 Enzymes in dairy industry 19.5.5 Carbohydrases in animal feed production 19.5.6 Carbohydrase application in pharmaceutical industries 19.5.7 Carbohydrases involved in detergent 19.5.8 Carbohydrases in wastewater treatment 19.5.9 Agriculture 19.5.10 Enzymes in textile industry 19.5.11 Carbohydrases involved in biofuel production 19.5.12 Carbohydrases involved in paper industry 19.6 Concluding remarks Abbreviations References
20. Role of microbial enzymes in agricultural industry Prashant S. Arya, Shivani M. Yagnik and Vikram H. Raval
20.1 Introduction 20.2 Soil and soil bacteria for agriculture 20.3 Microbial enzymes 20.3.1 Nitro-reductase 20.3.2 Hydrolases 20.3.3 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase 20.3.4 Phosphate-solubilizing enzymes 20.3.5 Sulfur-oxidizing and reducing enzymes 20.3.6 Oxidoreductases 20.3.7 Zinc-solubilizing enzymes 20.4 Microbial enzymes for crop health, soil fertility, and allied agro-industries 20.4.1 Crop health (assessment via biocontrol agents) 20.4.2 Soil fertility (indicator enzymes) 20.4.3 Allied agro-industrial applications 20.5 Agricultural enzyme market 20.6 Concluding remarks Abbreviations References
21. Opportunities and challenges for the production of fuels and chemicals: materials and processes for biorefineries Carolina Reis Guimara~ es, Ayla Sant'Ana da Silva, Daniel Oluwagbotemi Fasheun, Denise M.G. Freire, Elba P.S. Bon, Erika Cristina G. Aguieiras, Jaqueline Greco Duarte, Marcella Fernandes de Souza, Mariana de Oliveira Faber, Marina Cristina Tomasini, Roberta Pereira Espinheira, Ronaldo Rodrigues de Sousa, Ricardo Sposina Sobral Teixeira and Viridiana S. Ferreira-Leita~o
21.1 Introduction 21.2 Brazilian current production and processing of lignocellulosic sugarcane biomass 21.2.1 Cellulosic ethanol: worldwide production and feedstock description 21.2.2 Lignocellulosic biomass components and biomass-degrading enzymes 21.2.3 Perspectives and difficulties of cellulosic ethanol production 21.2.4 Enzyme-based initiatives for ethanol production at commercial scale 21.2.5 Perspectives on the use of microalgae as sources of fermentable sugars 21.3 Technical and economic prospects of using lipases in biodiesel production 21.3.1 Current biodiesel production and perspectives 21.3.2 Biocatalytic production of biodiesel 21.3.3 Feedstocks used for biodiesel production 21.3.4 Enzymatic routes for biodiesel production 21.3.5 Enzymatic biodiesel: state of the art 21.3.6 Perspectives for enzymatic biodiesel production 21.4 Perspectives on biomass processing for composites and chemicals production 21.5 Biogas/biomethane production 21.5.1 Enzymes applied to improve anaerobic digestion 21.5.2 Generation and use of biogas/biomethane in Brazil 21.5.3 Hydrogen production 21.5.4 Sequential production of hydrogen and methane 21.6 Concluding remarks Abbreviations References
22. Use of lipases for the production of biofuels Thais de Andrade Silva, Julio Pansiere Zavarise, Igor Carvalho Fontes Sampaio, Laura Marina Pinotti, Servio Tulio Alves Cassini and Jairo Pinto de Oliveira
22.1 Introduction 22.2 Lipases 22.2.1 Immobilization of lipases 22.2.2 Immobilization methods and supports 22.3 Feedstocks 22.3.1 Vegetable oils 22.3.2 Animal fats 22.3.3 Oily waste 22.3.4 Microalgae oil and biomass 22.4 Catalytic process 22.4.1 Effect of temperature 22.4.2 Effect of water content 22.4.3 Effect of acyl acceptor 22.4.4 Effect of solvent 22.4.5 Effect of molar ratio 22.5 Reactors and industrial processes 22.6 Concluding remarks References
23. Microbial enzymes used in textile industry Francois N. Niyonzima, Veena S. More, Florien Nsanganwimana, Archana S. Rao, Ajay Nair, K.S. Anantharaju and Sunil S. More
23.1 Introduction 23.2 Isolation and identification of microorganism-producing textile enzymes 23.3 Production of textile enzymes by bacteria and fungi 23.4 Process aspect optimization for producing microbial textile enzymes 23.4.1 Effect of initial pH medium for the secretion of textile enzymes by microorganisms 23.4.2 Influence of incubation temperature on the production of textile enzymes by microorganisms 23.4.3 Effect of agitation on the secretion of textile enzymes by microorganisms 23.4.4 Influence of inoculum concentration on the production of textile enzymes by microorganisms 23.4.5 Effect of initial time on the secretion of textile enzymes by microorganisms 23.4.6 Influence of carbon sources on the production of textile enzymes by microorganisms 23.4.7 Effect of nitrogen sources on the production of textile enzymes by microorganisms 23.5 Purification strategies of textile enzymes 23.6 Microbial enzymes used in the textile industry 23.6.1 Biodesizing by a-amylases 23.6.2 Bioscouring by pectinases aided by proteases, cutinases, and lipases 23.6.3 Biostone-washing by neutral cellulases 23.6.4 Biobleaching by laccases, catalases, and peroxidases 23.6.5 Biodyeing and printing by pectinases and peroxidases 23.6.6 Biopolishing/biofinishing by acid cellulases 23.6.7 Use of the mixture of microbial enzymes in textile fabric material processing 23.7 Immobilization of textile enzymes 23.8 Genetic engineering of bacteria- and fungi-producing textile enzymes 23.9 Manufacturers of some commercial textile enzymes 23.10 Textile industry effluents' treatment 23.11 Concluding remarks References
24. Microbial enzymes in bioremediation Shivani M. Yagnik, Prashant S. Arya and Vikram H. Raval
24.1 Introduction 24.2 Robust microbes/superbugs in bioremediation 24.2.1 Xenobiotic and persistent compounds 24.2.2 Robust microbes and their application in bioremediation 24.2.3 Metabolic pathway engineering for high-speed bioremediation 24.3 Role of microbial enzymes 24.3.1 Dye degradation 24.3.2 Remediation of hydrocarbon and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene compounds 24.3.3 Heavy metal remediation 24.3.4 Pesticide degradation 24.4 Remedial applications for industries 24.4.1 Designing and developing environmental biosensor 24.4.2 Immobilization and bioengineering 24.4.3 Biotransformation and bioleaching 24.5 Concluding remarks Abbreviations References
25. The role of microbes and enzymes for bioelectricity generation: a belief toward global sustainability Lakshana Nair G, Komal Agrawal and Pradeep Verma
25.1 Introduction 25.2 Bioresources: biorefinery 25.3 Hydrolytic enzymes and their applications in various sectors 25.3.1 Ligninolytic enzymes 25.3.2 Laccases 25.3.3 Cellulases 25.3.4 Xylanases 25.3.5 Amylases 25.3.6 Pectinases 25.3.7 Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases 25.3.8 Lipases 25.4 Bioelectricity and microbial electrochemical system 25.4.1 Working of the microbial fuel cell 25.4.2 Use of wastes for electricity generation 25.4.3 Hydrolytic enzymes in microbial fuel cell 25.5 Limitations and their possible solutions in biorefinery and bioelectricity generation 25.6 Prospects 25.7 Concluding remarks Abbreviations References
26. Discovery of untapped nonculturable microbes for exploring novel industrial enzymes based on advanced next-generation metagenomic approach Shivangi Mudaliar, Bikash Kumar, Komal Agrawal and Pradeep Verma
26.1 Introduction 26.2 Need for nonculturable microbe study 26.3 Problems associated with nonculturable microbial studies 26.3.1 Relationship with coexisting microbes 26.4 Culture-independent molecular-based methods 26.4.1 Isolation of sample DNA 26.4.2 Metagenomic library construction 26.4.3 Metagenomics 26.4.4 Metatranscriptomics 26.4.5 Metaproteomic 26.5 Different approaches for metagenomic analysis of unculturable microbes 26.5.1 Sequence-based screening 26.5.2 Function-based screening 26.6 Next-generation sequencing and metagenomics 26.6.1 Benefits of metagenomic next-generation sequencing 26.7 Application of unculturable microbes and significance of next-generation metagenomic approaches 26.7.1 Agricultural applications 26.7.2 Clinical diagnosis 26.7.3 Xenobiotic degradation 26.7.4 Industrial applications 26.7.5 Bioeconomy 26.8 Concluding remarks
Conflict of interest Abbreviations References Index
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