Wireless communications : from fundamentals to beyond 5G

著者

書誌事項

Wireless communications : from fundamentals to beyond 5G

Andreas F. Molisch

John Wiley & Sons, 2023

3rd ed

大学図書館所蔵 件 / 全6件

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注記

Includes bibliographical references and index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

An in-depth and comprehensive treatment of wireless communication technology ranging from the fundamentals to the newest research results The expanded and completely revised Third Edition of Wireless Communications delivers an essential text in wireless communication technology that combines mathematical descriptions with intuitive explanations of the physical facts that enable readers to acquire a deep understanding of the subject. This latest edition includes brand-new sections on cutting edge research topics such as massive MIMO, polar codes, heterogeneous networks, non-orthogonal multiple access, as well as 5G cellular standards, WiFi 6, and Bluetooth Low Energy. Together with the re-designed descriptions of fundamentals such as fading, OFDM, and multiple access, it provides a thorough treatment of all the technologies that underlie fifth-generation and beyond systems. A complimentary companion website provides readers with a wealth of old and new material, including instructor resources available upon request. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to the applications and requirements of modern wireless services, including video streaming, virtual reality, and Internet of Things. Comprehensive explorations of wireless propagation mechanisms and channel models, ranging from Rayleigh fading to advanced models for MIMO communications. Detailed discussions of single-user communications fundamentals, including modern coding techniques, multi-carrier communications, and single-user MIMO. Extensive description of multi-user communications, including packet radio systems, CDMA, scheduling, admission control, cellular and ad-hoc network design, and multi-user MIMO. In-depth examinations of advanced topics in wireless communication, like speech and video coding, cognitive radio, NOMA, network coding, and wireless localization. A comprehensive description of the key wireless standards, including LTE, 5G, WiFi, Bluetooth, and an outlook to Beyond 5G systems. Perfect for advanced undergraduate and graduate students with a basic knowledge of standard communications, Wireless Communications will also earn a place in the libraries of researchers and system designers seeking a one-stop resource on wireless communication technology.

目次

Preface to the Third, Expanded and Completely Revised, Edition: From the Fundamentals to Beyond 5G xxv Preface and Acknowledgements to the Second Edition xxix Preface and Acknowledgements to the First Edition xxx List of Abbreviations xxxiii List of Symbols xxxv About the Companion Website xxxvii Part I Introduction 1 1 Applications and Requirements of Wireless Services 3 1.1 History 3 1.2 Types of Services 7 1.3 Requirements for the Services 12 1.4 Economic and Social Aspects 17 Exercises: Sec. 36.1 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 18 2 Technical Challenges of Wireless Communications 19 2.1 Broadcast Effect 19 2.2 Multi-path Propagation 19 2.3 Spectrum Limitations 23 2.4 Limited Energy 25 2.5 User Mobility 26 Exercises: Sec. 36.2 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 26 3 Wireless System Design Overview 27 3.1 Noise-limited Systems and Link Budgets 27 3.2 Digital Modulation and Receiver Signal Processing 34 3.3 Multi-user Systems 39 3.4 Summary 44 Exercises: Sec. 36.3 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 45 Part II Wireless Propagation Channels 47 4 Propagation Mechanisms 49 4.1 Free Space Attenuation 49 4.2 Reflection and Transmission 52 4.3 Diffraction 57 4.4 Scattering by Rough Surfaces 64 4.5 Waveguiding 66 4.6 Atmospheric Absorption 67 4.7 Deterministic Channel Modeling 67 4.8 Appendices: App4.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 71 App. 4.A: Derivation of the d-4 Law 71 App. 4.B: Diffraction Coefficients for Diffraction by a Wedge or Cylinder 71 Further Reading 71 Exercises: Sec. 36.4 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 71 5 Statistical Description of the Wireless Channel 73 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 The Time-Invariant Two-Path Model 74 5.3 The Time-Variant Two-Path Model 76 5.4 Small-Scale Fading Without a Dominant Component 77 5.5 Small-Scale Fading with a Dominant Component 85 5.6 Doppler Spectra and Statistics of Temporal Channel Variations 89 5.7 Temporal Fading Characterization 92 5.8 Large-Scale Fading 95 5.9 Appendices: App5.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 99 App. 5.A: The Central Limit Theorem 99 App. 5.B: Derivation of the Rayleigh Distribution 99 App. 5.C: Derivation of the Level Crossing Rate 99 Further Reading 99 Exercises: Sec. 36.5 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 99 6 Wideband and Directional Channel Characterization 101 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 The Causes of Delay Dispersion 102 6.3 System-Theoretic Description of Wireless Channels 105 6.4 The WSSUS Model 108 6.5 Condensed Parameters 110 6.6 Ultra Wideband Channels 115 6.7 Directional Description 117 6.8 Appendices: App6.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 121 App. 6A: Validity of WSSUS in Mobile Radio 121 App. 6B: Instantaneous Channel Parameters 121 Further Reading 121 Exercises: Sec. 36.6 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 122 7 Channel Models 123 7.1 Narrowband Models 123 7.2 Delay Dispersion Models 132 7.3 Angular Dispersion 135 7.4 Joint Dispersion Characteristics and Clustering 136 7.5 Generalized Tapped-Delay Line Models 140 7.6 Geometry-Based Stochastic Channel Models 143 7.7 Semi-Deterministic Models 146 7.8 Blockage 148 7.9 Special Models 148 7.10 Appendices: App7.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 151 App. 7.A: The Okumura-Hata Model 151 App. 7.B: The COST 231-Walfish-Ikegami Model 151 App. 7.C: The COST 207 GSM Model 151 App. 7.D: The 3GPP Spatial Channel Model 151 App. 7.E: The 802.15.4a UWB Channel Model 151 App. 7.F: The COST 259/273/2100 Channel Model 152 Further Reading 152 Exercises: Sec. 36.7 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 152 8 Antennas 153 8.1 Introduction and Brief Characterization 153 8.2 Characterization of Antennas 157 8.3 Popular Antenna Types 165 8.5 Special Aspects of Antennas for BS and UE 177 Further Reading 181 Exercises: Sec. 36.8 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 181 9 Channel Sounding 183 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Time-Domain Measurements 186 9.3 Frequency Domain Analysis 188 9.5 Directionally Resolved Measurements 192 9.6 Appendices: App9.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 201 App. 9.A: The ESPRIT Algorithm 201 App. 9.B: Guidelines for Evaluation of Channel Measurements 201 Further Reading 201 Exercises: Sec. 36.9 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 201 Part III Wireless Communication Over a Single Link 203 10 Modulation Formats 205 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation 209 10.3 Widely Used PAM Modulation Formats 212 10.4 Multi-Pulse Modulation 223 10.5 Summary of Spectral Efficiencies 233 10.6 Appendix: App10.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 233 App. 10.A: Interpretation of MSK as OQPSK 233 Further Reading 233 Exercises: Sec. 36.10 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 233 11 Demodulation 235 11.1 Demodulator Structure and Error Probability in Additive White Gaussian Noise Channels 235 11.2 Error Probability in Flat-Fading Channels 244 11.3 Error Probability in Delay- and Frequency-Dispersive Fading Channels 250 Further Reading 257 Exercises: Sec. 36.11 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 257 12 Diversity 259 12.1 Introduction 259 12.2 Microdiversity 260 12.3 Macrodiversity and Simulcast 266 12.4 Combination of Signals 267 12.5 Error Probability in Fading Channels with Diversity Reception 273 12.6 Appendix: App12.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 277 App. 12.A: Correlation Coefficient of Two Signals with Frequency Separation 277 Further Reading 277 Exercises: Sec. 36.12 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 278 13 Channel Coding and Information Theory 279 13.1 Fundamentals of Coding and Information Theory 279 13.2 Block Codes 284 13.3 Convolutional Codes 288 13.4 Trellis Coded Modulation 297 13.5 Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation (BICM) 301 13.6 Turbo Codes 302 13.7 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes 306 13.8 Polar Codes 310 13.9 Comparison of Capacity-Approaching Codes 314 13.10 Coding for the Fading Channel 315 13.10.1 Interleaving 315 13.10.2 Block Codes and Convolutional Codes 317 13.10.3 Concatenated Codes 318 13.10.4 Trellis Coded Modulation in Fading Channels 318 13.11 Information-Theoretic Performance Limits of Fading Channels 318 13.11.1 Ergodic Capacity vs. Outage Capacity 318 13.11.2 Capacity for Channel State Information at the Receiver (CSIR) Only 319 13.11.3 Capacity for CSIT and CSIR - Waterfilling 320 13.12 Automatic Repeat Request 320 Further Reading 321 Exercises: Sec. 36.13 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 322 14 Equalizers 323 14.1 Introduction 323 14.2 Linear Equalizers 326 14.3 Decision Feedback Equalizers 331 14.4 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation - Viterbi Detector 333 14.5 Comparison of Equalizer Structures 335 14.6 Fractionally Spaced Equalizers 335 14.8 Predistortion at the Transmitter 337 14.9 Appendices: App14.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 338 App. 14.A: Equivalence of Peak Distortion and Zero-Forcing Criterion 338 App. 14.B: Derivation of the Mean-Square Error Criterion 338 App. 14.C: The Recursive Least Squares Algorithm 338 Further Reading 338 Exercises: Sec. 36.14 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 338 15 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 339 15.1 Introduction 339 15.2 Principle of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 339 15.3 Implementation of Transceivers 340 15.4 Frequency-Selective Channels 341 15.6 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 350 15.7 Inter Carrier Interference 352 15.8 Synchronization 355 15.9 Adaptive Power Allocation, Modulation, and Coding 359 15.10 Generalizations of OFDM 362 15.10.1 General Framework - Gabor Systems 362 15.10.2 Filters (Pulses) 363 15.10.3 Lattices 364 15.10.4 Dichotomy of Multi-Carrier Schemes 364 15.10.5 Filtered Multitone (FMT) and UFMC 366 15.10.6 Generalized FDM 366 15.10.7 Staggered Multitone - FBMC/OQAM 367 15.11 Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum 368 15.11.1 MC-CDMA 368 15.11.2 DFT-Spread OFDM 370 15.12 Orthogonal Time Frequency Spreading (OTFS) 371 15.12.1 Introduction 371 15.12.2 Mathematical Description 371 15.12.3 Implementation as Overlay 373 15.12.4 Diversity and Channel Gain 373 Further Reading 374 Exercises: Sec. 36.15 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 374 16 Multiple Antenna Systems - SIMO, MISO, and MIMO 375 16.1 Diversity and Beamforming 375 16.2 Spatial Multiplexing 395 Further Reading 430 Exercises: Sec. 36.16 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 430 17 Hardware Aspects 431 17.1 Introduction 431 17.2 General Concepts 434 17.3 ADCs and DACs 438 17.4 Amplifiers 440 17.5 Filters, Power Dividers, and Phase Shifters 444 17.6 Oscillators 447 17.7 Mixers and Frequency Conversion 453 17.8 Transceiver Structures 453 17.9 Spectrum Masks 456 17.10 Full Duplex 457 17.11 Appendices: App17.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 459 App. 17.A: Two-port Network and S-parameters 459 App. 17.B: Matching 459 Further Reading 459 Exercises: Sec. 36.22 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 459 Part IV Wireless Communication with Multiple Users 461 18 Multiple Access 463 18.1 Introduction 463 18.2 Performance Limits for Multiple Access 464 18.3 Contention-Free Multiple Access 467 18.4 Contention Multiple Access 471 18.5 Duplexing 479 18.6 Broadcast and Multi-Cast 481 Further Reading 481 Exercises: Sec. 36.18 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 481 19 Spread Spectrum Systems 483 19.1 Frequency Hopping Multiple Access (FHMA) 483 19.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum - Single-User Case 485 19.3 Code-Division-Multiple-Access Systems 490 19.4 Time Hopping Impulse Radio 496 Further Reading 499 Exercises: Sec. 36.19 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 500 20 Resource Allocation: Scheduling, Power Control, and Admission Control 501 20.1 Rate and Latency Requirements for Different Kinds of Traffic 501 20.2 Dichotomy of Resource Allocation 505 20.3 Resource Allocation in OFDMA with Infinite Backlog 506 20.4 Resource Allocation in CDMA with Infinite Backlog 512 20.5 Scheduling with Random Data Arrivals 513 20.6 Multi-Channel Systems and Admission Control 518 20.7 Machine Learning for Resource Allocation 524 Further Reading 525 Exercises: Sec. 36.20 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 525 21 Principles of Cellular Networks 527 21.1 Frequency Reuse 527 21.2 Cell Planning with Symmetric BS Deployment 528 21.3 Inter-Cell Interference Reduction 533 21.4 Cell Planning with Irregular Deployment 539 21.5 CDMA-Based Cellular Systems 547 21.6 Handover 549 21.7 Heterogeneous Networks 550 21.8 Backhaul 555 21.9 Other Methods for Increasing Capacity 555 Further Reading 556 Exercises: Sec. 36.21 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 556 22 Multiple Antennas for Multi-User Systems - MU-MIMO, Massive MIMO, and CoMP 557 22.1 Introduction and Intuition 557 22.2 System Model 559 22.3 Performance Limits 562 22.4 Linear Processing for Uplink 565 22.5 Linear Processing for the Downlink 567 22.6 Beamforming Based on Second-Order Statistics 573 22.7 Channel Estimation and Feedback 574 22.8 Scheduling for MU-MIMO 575 22.9 Massive MIMO Theory 579 22.10 Massive MIMO Implementation Aspects 589 22.10.1 Antenna Configurations and Propagation Channels 589 22.10.2 Hybrid Beamforming Transceivers 591 22.10.3 Implementation Aspects - Load Modulators 594 22.10.4 Low-Resolution ADCs 595 22.11 Base Station Cooperation and Distributed Antenna Systems 596 22.11.1 Principle of Capacity Increase 596 22.11.2 Single-Cell MIMO versus CoMP-JP 598 22.11.3 Challenges Related to Channel Information Acquisition 598 22.11.4 Imperfect Backhaul 600 22.11.5 Cell-Free MIMO 601 22.12 Appendix: App22.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 604 App. 22.A: Smart Antennas for CDMA 604 Further Reading 604 Exercises: Sec. 36.22 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 604 23 Ad hoc Networks, Device-to-Device Communications, and Mesh Networks 605 23.1 Introduction and Motivation 605 23.2 Applications 606 23.3 Node Types and Hierarchical Structure 607 23.4 Neighbor Discovery and Channel Estimation 608 23.5 Scheduling of Single-Hop Transmissions 612 23.6 Routing and Resource Allocation for Multi-Hop Networks 614 23.7 Routing and Resource Allocation in Collaborative Networks 624 23.9 Energy Management 630 23.10 Cellular vs. D2D Mode in Hybrid Networks 632 23.11 Mesh Networks 632 Further Reading 634 Exercises: Sec. 36.23 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 634 Part V Advanced Transmission Techniques and Special Features 635 24 Speech Coding 637 Gernot Kubin 24.1 Introduction 637 24.2 The Sound of Speech 639 24.3 Stochastic Models for Speech 642 24.4 Quantization and Coding 645 24.5 From Speech Transmission to Acoustic Telepresence 651 Further Reading 653 Exercises: Sec. 36.24 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 653 25 Video Coding 655 Anthony Vetro 25.1 Introduction 655 25.2 Transform and Quantization 657 25.3 Prediction 659 25.4 Entropy Coding 661 25.5 Video Coding Standards 662 25.6 Video Coding Extensions 665 25.7 Error Control 668 25.8 Video Streaming 671 Further Reading 673 Exercises: Sec. 36.25 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 673 26 Cognitive Radio 675 26.1 Types of Cognitive Radio 675 26.2 Cognitive Transceiver Architecture 678 26.3 Principles of Interweaving 679 26.4 Spectrum Sensing 679 26.5 Spectrum Management 683 26.6 Spectrum Sharing 683 26.7 Overlay 686 26.8 Underlay Hierarchical Access - Ultra Wide Bandwidth System Communications 687 Further Reading 690 Exercises: Sec. 36.26 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 690 27 Relaying, Cooperative Communications, and Network Coding 691 27.1 Introduction and Motivation 691 27.2 Fundamentals of Relaying 692 27.3 Relaying with Multiple, Parallel Relays 696 27.4 Applications 703 27.5 Network Coding 704 Further Reading 709 Exercises: Sec. 36.27 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 710 28 Advanced Interference Processing: Multi-User Detection, Nonorthogonal Multiple Access, and Interference Alignment 711 28.1 Introduction and Motivation 711 28.2 Multi-User Detectors 711 28.3 NOMA in the Power Domain 715 28.4 NOMA in the Code Domain 721 28.5 Interference Alignment 723 Further Reading 728 Exercises: Sec. 36.28 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 728 29 Localization 729 29.1 Introduction and Motivation 729 29.2 Principles of TOA/TDOA 730 29.3 NLOS Detection, Mitigation, and Exploitation 741 29.4 Direction-Of-Arrival (DoA) 744 29.5 RSSI and Fingerprinting 745 29.6 Global Positioning System (GPS) 747 29.7 Localization in Cellular Systems 751 29.8 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 754 29.9 Cooperative Localization 755 29.10 Tracking 757 29.10.1 Motivation for Tracking 757 29.10.2 Linear Kalman Filters 757 29.10.3 Extended Kalman Filters 759 29.10.4 Accuracy Improvements of Kalman Filters 760 29.11 Machine Learning for Localization 761 29.11.1 Types of ML Problems 761 29.11.2 Supervised Learning 762 29.11.3 Training and Preprocessing 763 29.11.4 Other Learning Solutions 764 Further Reading 764 Exercises: Sec. 36.29 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 764 Part VI System Design and Standardization 765 30 System Design and Standardization 767 30.1 From Components to Systems 767 30.2 Motivation and Operation of Standards 769 30.3 Some Important Standards 773 30.4 Appendices: App30.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 775 App. 30.A: 2G Cellular - GSM 775 App. 30.B: 3G Cellular - WCDMA/UMTS 775 App. 30.C: Cordless Telephony - DECT 776 Exercises: Sec. 36.30 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 776 31 4G Cellular - 3GPP Long-Term Evolution (LTE) 777 31.1 Introduction 777 31.3 Physical Layer 784 31.4 Logical and Physical Channels 799 31.5 Physical Layer Procedures 807 31.6 Carrier Aggregation and License-Assisted Access 811 31.7 CoMP, Dual Connectivity, and Hetnet Support 812 31.8 Relaying 814 31.9 LTE for Machine-Type Applications 815 31.10 Device-to-Device Communications - Sidelink 817 31.10.1 Motivation, Architecture, and Channel Structure 817 31.10.2 Synchronization 818 31.10.3 Discovery 819 31.10.4 Communications 819 Glossary for LTE 820 Further Reading 822 Exercises: Sec. 36.31 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 822 32 5G Cellular - 3GPP New Radio (NR) 823 32.1 Introduction 823 32.2 System Overview 825 32.3 Physical Layer 830 32.4 Physical and Logical Channels 843 32.5 Physical Layer Procedures 851 32.6 Carrier Aggregation and License-Assisted Access 854 32.7 CoMP, Dual Connectivity, and HetNet Support 856 32.8 Relaying 856 32.9 NR for Machine-Type Communications 857 32.10 Device-to-Device Communications - Sidelink 858 32.10.1 Motivation, Architecture, and Channel Structure 858 32.10.2 Synchronization 859 32.10.3 Discovery and Resource Allocation 859 32.10.4 Communications 859 Glossary for 5G-NR 860 Further Reading 862 Exercises: Sec. 36.32 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 862 33 Wireless Local Area Networks 863 33.1 Introduction 863 33.2 802.11a/g - OFDM-Based LANs 867 33.3 802.11n - High-throughput Transmission 870 33.5 IEEE 802.11ac 883 33.6 802.11ax/Wi-Fi 6 886 Glossary for WiFi 892 Further Reading 894 Exercises: Sec. 36.33 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 894 34 PAN and Internet of Things - Bluetooth and Zigbee 895 34.1 Bluetooth 895 34.2 Zigbee 907 Glossary 912 Further Reading 912 Exercises: Sec. 36.34 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 912 35 Beyond 5G 913 35.1 Motivation and Process 913 35.2 Applications 913 35.3 Network Design in B5G 916 35.4 Spectrum Usage for B5G 918 35.5 Physical and MAC Layer Aspects 918 35.6 Real-Time Processing and RF Transceiver Design 922 35.7 Use of Machine Learning 923 35.8 A Final Word on New Technologies 924 Further Reading 925 Exercises: Sec. 36.35 of Exercises.pdf at www.wiley.com/go/molisch/wireless3e 925 References 927 Index 953 About the Author 963

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