CiNii Books - Human rights violations in Latin America : reparation and rehabilitation

A timely contribution to the study of peace psychology in Latin America, this volume describes clinical, psychosocial, and community interventions with victims from Mexico to Chile from the 1970s onward. Chapters analyze how to conceptualize complex processes such as the appropriation of children and political repression, raising psychological, juridical, and political implications for the victims, their families, human rights organizations, and society. Also included are studies and analyses of political processes in countries currently undergoing crises such as Venezuela and Colombia and the challenges posed by the peace process from a political psychology perspective. All authors present the results of studies or clinical cases illustrating creative methodologies and practices in different contexts. This book provides the context for differences in the victims' damages and the treatment approaches and methodologies adopted in each case. The authors outline psychological perspectives grounded in ethical and professional choices based on recognizing people's dignity while seeking rehabilitation and reparations for victims, families, and communities. It paves the way for reparations and rehabilitation, and ultimately to the establishment of democracy and peace in this part of the world. Readers will benefit from understanding the relationship between mental health and human rights understanding ethical and professional dimensions a broadened knowledge of working with victims

Table of Contents

SECTION I - HISTORY, CONCEPTS, AND APPROACHES1. Psychology and Human Rights in Chile. Assistance, Registration, Denunciation, Rehabilitation,and ReparationElizabeth Lira & Marcela Cornejo, ChileWidespread torture, forced disappearance, extrajudicial executions, and other human rights violationscharacterized the political repression since the 1973 military coup in Chile. Civil society generated formsof professional solidarity with victims, including social, legal, medical, and psychological support. Thischapter describes the mental health programs of human rights organizations implemented in Chile duringthe dictatorship and subsequent political transition, in the truth commissions, and reparation policies.Some research lines concerning the political past and its consequences in the present are summarizedthereby contributing to field studies that explore memories in the aftermath of political transitions.2. Method of Forced Disappearance and Trials for Crimes Against Humanity: A Dialogue betweenthe Legal and Subjective Dimensions. Specifics of the Argentine CaseMariana Wikinski, Mariana Biaggio, Rosa Matilde Diaz Jimenez & Marcelo Marmer, ArgentinaArgentina experienced one of the most savage forms of biopolitical exercise of power: the forceddisappearance of people, an extermination tool whose massive, prolonged application produced profoundtrauma in victims and the population (1976-1983). The chapter offers a systematic view of the work doneto bridge these legal and psychological dimensions. Topics include: the consideration of forceddisappearance as torture
the conceptualization of trauma
the mourning caused by disappearance
andthe narration of the trauma in court. The authors illustrate the importance of the joint efforts oflegal and psychological professionals to influence decisions of the court taking into account theconditions of suffering and the psychic impact of trauma.3. Locating Children Appropriated by Dictatorships of the Southern Cone: Questioning IdentitiesSonia Mosquera, UruguayThe situation of children appropriated and later found as adults have opened ethical and political dilemmasand theoretical challenges for psychology. This chapter analyzes how the theft and appropriation of babiescontains an exceedingly complex network of dimensions that require hard work to untangle:the psychosocial, the legal, and the ethical, with a strong emphasis on subjective constructs. By examiningthe processes of seven young interviewees, the article shows the singularity of each story and contextwhile also drawing attention to recurrences in their narratives and processes.4. Photography and Film in the Experience of Identity Restitution: A Writing of LightJuan Jorge Michel-Farina & Florencia Gonzalez Pla, ArgentinaForty-five years after the military coup in Argentina, the Grandmothers (Abuelas) of Plaza deMayo continue their search for people, now adults, who disappeared or were born in captivity in theirchildhood or early childhood. This chapter establishes the theoretical categories at stake andthe essential perspectives in four dimensions: (a) the right to identity and its implications innew fields of technological, scientifi development
(b) the symbolic and subjective value of genetic data
(c) the psychological implicationsrelated to the parental function and the role of memory in the construction of identity
and especially, (d)the psychosocial influence through cinema, literature and photography, which made this topic a heritage ofhumanity.SECTION II - PSYCHOSOCIAL ASSISTANCE AND INTERVENTION METHODOLOGIES5. The Method and Methodology of Psychosocial Accompaniment Work: A Contribution for At-Risk Defenders in MexicoClemencia Correa, Laura Espinosa, & Rodrigo Morales, Mexico"ALUNA - Acompanamiento Psicosocial" provides psychosocial accompaniment to individuals,collectives, and human rights organizations, all of which are at risk because of the work they carry outin contexts of sociopolitical violence in Mexico. In this chapter, Correa et al. describe and analyze theiraccompaniment model as applied to the case of an organization that defends territorial claims of victimsand has been subjected to threats, harassment, and other aggressions. Issues of mental health, humanrights, safety, fear, and protection arise when applying the accompaniment model.6. Construction of a Model of Psychosocial Care and Support. Training of Peer PsychosocialCompanions: An Experience from MexicoJose Manuel Bezanilla, Maria Amparo Miranda & Juan Lopez, MexicoThis chapter formulates a model of mental health professionals' training to create visibility of invisiblestructural violence, provide transdisciplinary skills, and foster interdisciplinary dialogue. The MexicanModel of Psychosocial Attention and Accompaniment was developed, in conjunction with "UniendoCristales" based on the principles of the socionomy of Jacobo Levy Moreno along with a psychosocialperspective, serving victims of severe human rights violations, particularly forced disappearance. One ofthe programs is the "Peer Psychosocial Companions" training, which takes place in face-to-face and onlinetraining, with technical guidance and double tutoring. This training program is aimed atstrengthening collective, community, family, and personal resources in contexts of social violence andlimited safety.SECTION III - PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS7. Psychotherapy with former political prisoners in Uruguay: the vision of the therapistsMaria Cecilia Robaina, UruguayThe chapter describes the characteristics of the clinical practice of psychologists, psychiatrists, andpsychoanalysts who worked with torture victims 30 years after the events. The author interviewedpsychotherapists working in a private clinic, an NGO, and state reparation program. The research wasbased on in-depth interviews and was conducted between 2011 and 2014. Theoretical and technicalaspects of the treatments are described, analyzing the particularities of this clinic.8. Arpilleras of Sexual and Domestic Violence in Post-war: Guatemala: accompaniment in processesof psychosocial reparationMaria Luisa Cabrera Perez-Arminan, GuatemalaThis chapter presents the results of group psychosocial processes for women survivors of gender,domestic, and sexual violence in Guatemala centered around burlap tapestries (arpilleras), pieces of fabricthat make it possible for victims to materially represent and resignify their experiences of violence. Herstudy reveals some potential dimensions of psychosocial reparation and specifies the challenges posed bythe social and personal reconstruction of women who have experienced various types of violence in theirlives, within a national context of postwar political violence. 9. Group Therapeutic Strategies and Human Rights Violations in ChileGerman Morales & Maria Isabel Castillo, ChileThis chapter systematizes some of the main therapeutic group strategies developed in Chile by NGOs andsocial organizations during the civil-military dictatorship from 1973 to the beginning of thetransition (1990). Group psychotherapy theories, extreme traumatization theory and relationalpsychoanalysis are the primary theoretical references. The role of the group is highlighted as a space forworking through traumatic situations experienced at the individual and social level. The group becomesa third party that recognizes, validates, contains, and contributes to the restitution of the damagedcollective.SECTION IV - PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT DURING FORENSICEXAMINATIONS AND TRIALS10. El Mozote Massacre: Expert Research and Challenges of Psychosocial ReparationSol Yanez, El SalvadorThe expert psychosocial assessment is a methodology that was constructed to support claims presented bythe Association of Victims of El Mozote before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, arisingfrom its ceaseless struggle against impunity. The first step was to identify the surviving victims of the "ElMozote" massacre, which occurred in 1981 in El Salvador and resulted in 1000 deaths. Victims' stories,the damages they suffered and their expectations of reparation are central to the trial. The program's resultsdescribed here characterize the psychosocial damage and consequences on the victims and proposereparations. The author stresses how the identification of victims initiated a psychosocial reparationprocess.11. Psychosocial Work in the Transitional Justice Framework: The Women of Sepur ZarcoSusana Navarro Garcia & Paula Maria Martinez Velazquez, GuatemalaIn 2010, fifteen indigenous Q'eqchi' women of the Sepur Zarco community filed a legal complaint. Theywere survivors of sexual violence and domestic slavery that they suffered in a military post during theGuatemalan armed conflict. In 2016, a Guatemalan court convicted an army officer and a former militaryofficer of human rights violations against women. This chapter describes the psychosocial work carriedout with the women. Emphasis is placed on addressing the consequences of human rights violationssuffered by them and empowered them to face the judicial process and claim their rights. The authorsanalyze how women contributed to truth, justice, and reparation processes through their engagementwith the organizations that supported them. In addition, they show the key role of women in the searchfor justice -which resulted in a guilty verdict for the perpetrators- aided their psychosocial reparation andhealing process.12. Contribution of the Psycho-forensic Evidence in the Inter-American Court in the Caseof Lonkos and Mapuche Indigenous Leaders versus ChileRuth Vargas-Forman, Chile-United StatesThis chapter contextualizes the case "Norin Catriman, Lonkos and Mapuche Indigenous Leaders versusChile" in the Inter-American System for the Protection of Human Rights. It reviews the contributionsof forensic psychology in litigation related to human rights violations concerning indigenous peoples.The Inter-American Court of Human Rights in May 2014 sanctioned the State of Chile for violations ofthe American Convention and the rights of eight indigenous leaders wrongly convicted under theAntiterrorist Law. According to the verdict, forensic psychology examinations influenced thedetermination of the sanction against Chile and the reparation measures adopted. This study helps toillustrate the role of psychosocial evidence and forensic psychologists in the support offered to victimsat the Inter-American Court during cases of human rights violations affecting the individual and collectiverights of indigenous peoples. SECTION V - PSYCHOSOCIAL REPARATIONS: CHALLENGES OF VICTIM'SRECOGNITION13. Testimony and Symbolic Reparation: The Clinica do Testemunho Project in Rio de Janeiro VeraVital-Brasil, BrazilThis chapter briefly describes the social and political context of the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship(1964-1985), its effects on subjectivity and the struggles for reparation for victims of human rightsviolations. It studies the work of the clinical political team at the Clinica do Testemunho, a projectimplemented in Rio de Janeiro (2013-1015) by the Ministry of Justice as psychological reparation publicpolicy arising from its Amnesty Commission. This project includes clinical assistance, the training ofprofessional psychologists and the production of written material regarding its application in the nationalterritory. The process of giving testimony has allowed the harmful effects of political repression to beshifted from the private sphere, resulting in the rebuilding of social ties, valorization of its power toproduce subjective changes and contributing to the construction of individual and collective memory.14. The Clinics of Testimony: New Ways of Recognition through Group Listening to MilitaryPersonnelAlexei Conte, Angela Flores, Barbara De Souza, Carlos Augusto Piccinini, Karine Szuchman & Lisia daLuz Refosco, BrazilThe Clinics of Testimony Project (Amnesty Commission / Ministry of Justice) aimed to facilitate thepsychic reparation of people who suffered State violence during the civil-military dictatorships in Brazilbetween 1964 and 1985. This chapter discusses the clinical intervention work of the team of psychologistsand psychoanalysts of the Sigmund Freud Psychoanalytic Association, a non-governmental institution thatcarried out this project in Porto Alegre / Rio Grande do Sul. The interventions were with members of themilitary who wanted the State to recognize them as victims of the violence when they served in the ArmedForces. The Testimonial Clinics allow them to consider a resignification of what it means to be a victim ofState violence by opening symbolic paths for coping with suffering as well as alternative orientations toclaims for truth, memory, and justice.15. Colonia Dignidad: Lights and Shadows in the Recognition of the VictimsEvelyn Hevia Jordan, Chile-GermanyColonia Dignidad - Dignity Charitable and Educational Society (1961-2005)- was a German institutionfounded in Chile in 1961, in the countryside in the south of Chile. The authorities of this institutioncollaborate to commit crimes against humanity (torture and disappearances) during Chile's civil-militarydictatorship (1973-1990) and sexual abuse against children after 1961. The chapter discusses the institution,its internal operating system, its victimizing structure, and its collaborations with political repression duringthe dictatorship. There are different groups of victims at present, and the victimizing pattern and its effectson victims are well-known. The chapter concludes by identifying today's challenges concerning theprocess of building historical memory and recognizing and repairing all victims.SECTION VI - POLITICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL CHALLENGES OF TRANSITIONS16. Political Transition and Social Reparation in Venezuela: Challenges of DemocraticReconstructionMireya Lozada, Venezuela This chapter adopts a psychopolitical perspective to examine social reconstruction andreparation challenges in a potential democratic transition taking place in a country under an authoritarianregime. The chapter offers some keys to favoring the processes of democratic reconstruction. Parallel tothe urgency of the changes required in the economic, political, and institutional spheres, whatalso stands out are those actions tending to depolarization, the rebuilding of the social fabricfractured by the conflict, the fight against impunity and the search for justice for the victims, as well asthe construction of scenarios of a shared common future, which favor peaceful and democraticcoexistence in the country.17.- Psychology and Human Rights in Colombia: Contributions to PeacebuildingWilson Lopez-Lopez, Andrea Correa-Chica, Angelica Caicedo-Moreno, Pablo Castro-Abril &Carlos Felipe Buitrago-Panader, ColombiaThis chapter describes and explores the consequences of the social and armed conflict on victims ofhuman rights violations in Colombia. We also describe a research and intervention model with amultidimensional analysis perspective that allows us to demonstrate the role of psychosocial processessuch as forgiveness, reconciliation, transitional justice mechanisms (such as truth commissions or JEP inColombia- Special Justice for Peace) in the restoration of human rights at the individual, community, andsocial levels. The work of psychology is key to promoting human rights and seeking ways to contribute tosustainable peace.18. Working Mental Health in PeruVivian Valz Gen, PeruThe chapter provides a brief review of the process, development, and current status of mental health workin Peru. It presents the experience of the Mental Health Unit of the Truth and Reconciliation Commissionof Peru (CVR) and its contribution to the understanding and management of mental health issues. Thiswork gathered contributions from various teams of mental health professionals in the country fromprevious decades and at the same time promoted and inspired the current commission. It proposes amethodology that recognizes the individual as the axis of transformation processes. It also showshow the living conditions associated with submission, abuse, and violence, generate emotional sufferingin individuals and people, giving rise to severe mental health problems that must be addressed,prioritizing a community approach.

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