CiNii 図書 - Atoms, radiation, and radiation protection

Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection Discover the keys to radiation protection in the fourth edition of this best-selling textbook A variety of atomic and sub-atomic processes, including alpha, beta, and gamma decay or electron ejection from inner atom shells, can produce ionizing radiation. This radiation can in turn produce environmental and biological effects both harmful - including DNA damage and other impacts of so-called 'radiation sickness' - and helpful, including radiation treatment for cancerous tumors. Understanding the processes that generate radiation and the steps which can be taken to mitigate or direct its effects is therefore critical in a wide range of industries and medical subfields. For decades, Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection has served as the classic reference work on the subject of ionizing radiation and its safeguards. Beginning with a presentation of fundamental atomic structure and the physical mechanisms which produce radiation, the book also includes thorough discussion of how radiation can be detected and measured, as well as guide-lines for interpreting radiation statistics and detailed analysis of protective measures, both individual and environmental. Now updated by a new generation of leading scholars and researchers, Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection will continue to serve global scientific and industrial research communities. Readers of the fourth edition of Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection will also find: Detailed updates of existing material, including the latest recommendations of the ICRP and NCRP Treatment of current physiokinetic and dosimetric models All statistics now presented in SI units, making the book more globally accessible Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection is a foundational guide for graduate students and researchers in health physics and nuclear physics, as well as related industries.

ABOUT ATOMIC PHYSICS AND RADIATION Classical Physics Discovery of X-Rays Some Important Dates in Atomic and Radiation Physics Important Dates in Radiation Protection Sources and Levels of Radiation Exposure Suggested Reading ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC RADIATION The Atomic Nature of Matter (ca. 1900) The Rutherford Nuclear Atom Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom Semiclassical Mechanics, 1913-1925 Quantum Mechanics The Pauli Exclusion Principle Atomic Theory of the Periodic System Molecules Solids and Energy Bands Continuous and Characteristic X Rays Auger Electrons Suggested Reading Problems Answers THE NUCLEUS AND NUCLEAR RADIATION Nuclear Structure Nuclear Binding Energies Alpha Decay Beta Decay (beta-) Gamma-Ray Emission Internal Conversion Orbital Electron Capture Positron Decay (beta+) Suggested Reading Problems Answers RADIOACTIVE DECAY Activity Exponential Decay Specific Activity Serial Radioactive Decay Natural Radioactivity Radon and Radon Daughters Suggested Reading Problems Answers INTERACTION OF HEAVY CHARGED PARTICLES WITH MATTER Energy-Loss Mechanisms Maximum Energy Transfer in a Single Collision Single-Collision Energy-Loss Spectra Stopping Power Semiclassical Calculation of Stopping Power The Bethe Formula for Stopping Power Mean Excitation Energies Table for Computation of Stopping Powers Stopping Power of Water for Protons Range Slowing-Down Time Limitations of Bethe's Stopping-Power Formula Suggested Reading Problems Answers INTERACTION OF ELECTRONS WITH MATTER Energy-Loss Mechanisms Collisional Stopping Power Radiative Stopping Power Radiation Yield Range Slowing-Down Time Examples of Electron Tracks in Water Suggested Reading Problems Answers PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH CHARGED-PARTICLE TRACKS Delta Rays Restricted Stopping Power Linear Energy Transfer (LET) Specific Ionization Energy Straggling Range Straggling Multiple Coulomb Scattering Suggested Reading Problems Answers INTERACTION OF PHOTONS WITH MATTER Interaction Mechanisms Photoelectric Effect Energy-Momentum Requirements for Photon Absorption by an Electron Compton Effect Pair Production Photonuclear Reactions Attenuation Coefficients Energy-Transfer and Energy-Absorption Coefficients Calculation of Energy Absorption and Energy Transfer Suggested Reading Problems Answers NEUTRONS, FISSION, AND CRITICALITY Introduction Neutron Sources Classification of Neutrons Interactions with Matter Elastic Scattering Neutron-Proton Scattering Energy-Loss Spectrum Reactions Energetics of Threshold Reactions Neutron Activation Fission Criticality Suggested Reading Problems Answers METHODS OF RADIATION DETECTION Ionization in Gases Ionization in Semiconductors Scintillation Photographic Film Thermoluminescence Other Methods Neutron Detection Suggested Reading Problems Answers STATISTICS The Statistical World of Atoms and Radiation Radioactive Disintegration-Exponential Decay Radioactive Disintegration-a Bernoulli Process The Binomial Distribution The Poisson Distribution The Normal Distribution Error and Error Propagation Counting Radioactive Samples Minimum Significant Measured Activity-Type-I Errors Minimum Detectable True Activity-Type-II Errors Criteria for Radiobioassay, HPS Nl3.30-1996 Instrument Response Monte Carlo Simulation of Radiation Transport Suggested Reading Problems Answers RADIATION DOSIMETRY Introduction Quantities and Units Measurement of Exposure Measurement of Absorbed Dose Measurement of X- and Gamma-Ray Dose Neutron Dosimetry Dose Measurements for Charged-Particle Beams Determination of LET Dose Calculations Other Dosimetric Concepts and Quantities Suggested Reading Problems Answers CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION Time Frame for Radiation Effects Physical and Prechemical Chances in Irradiated Water Chemical Stage Examples of Calculated Charged-Particle Tracks in Water Chemical Yields in Water Biological Effects Sources of Human Data The Acute Radiation Syndrome Delayed Somatic Effects Irradiation of Mammalian Embryo and Fetus Genetic Effects Radiation Biology Dose-Response Relationships Factors Affecting Dose Response Suggested Reading Problems Answers RADIATION-PROTECTION CRITERIA AND EXPOSURE LIMITS Objective of Radiation Protection Elements of Radiation-Protection Programs The NCRP and ICRP NCRP/ICRP Dosimetric Quantities Risk Estimates for Radiation Protection Current Exposure Limits of the NCRP and ICRP Occupational Limits in the Dose-Equivalent System The "2015 ICRP Recommendations" ICRU Operational Quantities Probability of Causation Suggested Reading Problems Answers EXTERNAL RADIATION PROTECTION Distance, Time, and Shielding Gamma-Ray Shielding Shielding in X-Ray Installations Protection from Beta Radiation Neutron Shielding Suggested Reading Problems Answers INTERNAL DOSIMETRY AND RADIATION PROTECTION Objectives ICRP Publication Methodology ICRP-30 Dosimetric Model for the Respiratory System ICRP-66 Human Respiratory Tract Model ICRP-30 Dosimetric Model for the Gastrointestinal Tract Organ Activities as Functions of Time Specific Absorbed Fraction, Specific Effective Energy, Committed Quantities Number of Transformations in Source Organs over 50 Y Dosimetric Model for Bone ICRP-30 Dosimetric Model for Submersion in a Radioactive Cloud Selected ICRP-30 Metabolic Data for Reference Man Suggested Reading Problems Answers APPENDIX A Physical Constants B Units and Conversion Factors C Some Basic Formulas of Physics (MKS and CCS Units) D Selected Data on Nuclides E Statistical Derivations Index

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Atoms, radiation, and radiation protection

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