内容説明
Animacy influences the grammar of languages in different ways, although it often goes unnoticed. Did you know that in English there is a strong tendency towards using the Saxon genitive 's with humans instead of the preposition of? Have you ever hear that some Chinantecan languages encode the animate/inanimate distinction in almost every word, and that in Hatam only human nouns distinguish plural number? This book offers for the first time a comprehensive cross-linguistic study of its effects on morphological systems. How do real data fit the theorethical definition of animacy? Do we observe different types of animacy? Which techniques are employed to encode it? Which categories and features are affected, and how? Data from more than 300 languages provide answers to these (and other) questions.
目次
Acknowledgements
List of Tables and Figures
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1 Goals
2 The Organization of This Book
3 Methodological Issues
2 Theoretical Contribution
1 A Brief Explanation of Humanity's Interest in Animacy
2 Animacy in Linguistics
3 Remarks on the Behavior of Grammatical Animacy
4 The Definition of "Animacy in Inflectional Morphology"
3 Techniques
1 Affixation
2 Alternation
3 Overt Free Elements
4 Reduplication
5 Zero-Marking
6 Morpheme Order
7 Complex Techniques
8 Morphophonemic Techniques
9 Mixed Techniques
10 Summary and Conclusions to Chapter 3
4 Word/Morpheme Classes
1 (Bound) Pronouns
2 Determiners
3 Nouns and Noun Phrases
4 Adjectives
5 Number Markers, Numerals, and Quantifiers
6 Verbs
7 Tense Markers
8 Inversion Markers
9 Adverbs
10 Gender/Noun Class Markers and Classifiers
11 Case Markers and Adpositions
12 Possessive Affixes/Genitives
13 Conjunctions
14 Nominalizers
15 Evidentials
16 Catalyzers
17 Identity Affixes
18 Whatchamacallit Words
19 Summary and Conclusions to Chapter 4
5 Feature: Gender/Noun Class
1 Animacy as a Semantic Feature for Gender Assignment
2 Animacy as a Condition
3 Animacy as a Value-Dependent Semantic Feature
4 Summary and Conclusions to Chapter 5
6 Feature: Number
1 Overt Number Marking in the Controller
2 Overt Number Agreement in the Target
3 Optionality
4 Mismatches between the Controller and the Target
5 Values Distinguished
6 Inverse Number Marking
7 Animacy as a Condition for Agreement Controllers
8 Same Form, Different Number
9 (Apparent) Exceptions to the Relation between Number and High Animacy
10 Summary and Conclusions to Chapter 6
7 Feature: Person
1 Animacy as a Condition for Overt Agreement
2 Animacy as a Condition for Person Values: Semantic vs. Default Marking
3 Animacy as a Condition for Agreement Controllers
4 Obviation
5 Summary and Conclusions to Chapter 7
8 Feature: Case
1 Syntactic/Functional Approach
2 Morphological Approach
3 Summary and Conclusions to Chapter 8
9 Conclusions and Open Issues
1 Three Types of Animacy
2 What Is Animacy?
3 Somewhat Universal
4 Splits and Hierarchy
5 The Purpose of Grammatical Animacy
6 Epilogue
Appendix 1: Pronominal System in Zapotecan Languages
Appendix 2: Genetic Classification of Languages
Appendix 3: Data Sources
References
Language Index
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