CiNii 図書 - Fast processes in large scale atmospheric models : progress, challenges, and opportunities

Improving weather and climate prediction with better representation of fast processes in atmospheric models Many atmospheric processes that influence Earth’s weather and climate occur at spatiotemporal scales that are too small to be resolved in large scale models. They must be parameterized, which means approximately representing them by variables that can be resolved by model grids. Fast Processes in Large-Scale Atmospheric Models: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities explores ways to better investigate and represent multiple parameterized processes in models and thus improve their ability to make accurate climate and weather predictions. Volume highlights include: Historical development of the parameterization of fast processes in numerical models Different types of major sub-grid processes and their parameterizations Efforts to unify the treatment of individual processes and their interactions Top-down versus bottom-up approaches across multiple scales Measurement techniques, observational studies, and frameworks for model evaluation Emerging challenges, new opportunities, and future research directions The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

List of contributors vii Preface xi 1 Progress in Understanding and Parameterizing Fast Physics in Large-Scale Atmospheric Models 1 Yangang Liu and Pavlos Kollias Part I Processes and Parameterizations 2 Radiative Transfer and Atmospheric Interactions 13 Yu Gu and Kuo-Nan Liou 3 AerosolsandClimateEffects 53 Xiaohong Liu 4 Entrainment, Mixing, and Their Microphysical Influences 87 Chunsong Lu, Yangang Liu, Xiaoqi Xu, Sinan Gao, and Cheng Sun 5 Deep Convection and Convective Clouds 121 Leo J. Donner 6 Stratus, Stratocumulus, and Remote Sensing 141 Xiquan Dong and Patrick Minnis 7 Planetary Boundary Layer and Processes 201 Virendra P. Ghate and David B. Mechem 8 Human Impacts on Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions 213 Michael Barlage and Fei Chen 9 Gravity Wave Drag Parameterizations for Earth’s Atmosphere 229 Christopher G. Kruse, Jadwiga H. Richter, M. Joan Alexander, Julio T. Bacmeister, Christopher Heale, and Junhong Wei Part II Unifying Efforts 10 Higher-Order Equations Closed by the Assumed PDF Method: Suitability for Parameterizing Cumulus Convection 259 Vincent E. Larson 11 An Introduction to the Eddy–Diffusivity/Mass–Flux (EDMF) Approach: A Unified Turbulence and ConvectionParameterization 271 João Teixeira, Kay Suselj, and Marcin J. Kurowski 12 Application of Machine Learning to Parameterization Emulation and Development 283 Vladimir Krasnopolsky and Alexei Belochitski 13 Top-DownApproachestotheStudyofCloudSystems 313 Graham Feingold and Ilan Koren Part III Measurements, Model Evaluation, and Model-measurement Integration 14 Ground-Based Remote-Sensing of Key Properties 329 Katia Lamer, Pavlos Kollias, Vassilis Amiridis, Eleni Marinou, Ulrich Loehnert, Sabrina Schnitt, and Allison McComiskey 15 Satellite and Airborne Remote Sensing of Clouds and Aerosols 361 Alexander Marshak and Anthony B. Davis 16 In Situ and Laboratory Measurements of Cloud Microphysical Properties 399 Kamal Kant Chandrakar and Raymond A. Shaw 17 Frameworks for Testing and Evaluating Fast Physics: Parameterizations in Climate and Weather Forecasting Models 425 Wuyin Lin and Shaocheng Xie 18 Future Research Outlook: Challenges and Opportunities 445 Yangang Liu and Pavlos Kollias Index 451

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Fast processes in large scale atmospheric models : progress, challenges, and opportunities

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