Biology of the vespine wasps
著者
書誌事項
Biology of the vespine wasps
Springer, [2011], c1990
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スズメバチ類の比較行動学
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注記
"Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990" -- T.p.verso
Bibliography: p. [290]-303
Includes indexes
内容説明・目次
内容説明
It is a great privilege and pleasure for me to write the foreword to this book, which is the result of considerable effort on the part of Dr. Makoto Matsuura and Mr. Seiki Yamane. Such an introduction might sound like a cliche, but in this case the sentiments are real, since the preparation of this book really has been a laborious task. In fact, I think it would not be an exaggeration to say that such a book could only be published once every 100 years. I would like to explain why I regard this book as unique. It is well known that as social insects "hachi" (as bees and wasps are called in Japanese), as well as ants and termites, have a very diffe rent way of life from that of other insects. Each of these three groups has its own characteristics. Ants and hachi are classified in the same category; in other words, an ant is sim ply a wasp which has lost its wings and its sting, and has adapted itself to an underground life. Termites, on the other hand, are an aberrant cockroach, descended from a phyletic line which is completely diffe rent from that of ants and hachi, which undergo complete metamor phosis. On the other hand, ants and termites have a common feature: all members have adopted a social life.
目次
1. The Vespinae in Insect Sociology.- 1 Historical Review.- 2 The Vespine Wasps as Social Insects.- 2. Life Cycle.- 1 Features of the Life Cycle.- 2 Behavior of Queens Before Nest Foundation.- 2.1 Behavior of Queens Emerging from Hibernation.- 2.2 Migration Before Nesting.- 3 Nesting Periods.- 3.1 Preemergence (Solitary) Period.- 3.2 Cooperative Period.- 3.3 Polyethic Period.- 3.4 Reproductive Period.- 4 Hibernating Habits.- 4.1 Departure of New Queens and Males from Nest.- 4.2 Copulation.- 4.3 Hibernation.- 3. Nesting Habits.- 1 Nesting Materials.- 2 Nest Sites.- 2.1 Nest Sites of Each Genus and Species.- 2.2 Intra-and Interspecific Competition for Nest Sites.- 3 Colony Foundation.- 3.1 Haplometrotic Nest Foundation.- 3.2 Early Colony Development.- 3.3 Behavior of Foundress Queen.- 3.4 Conspecific Queen's Visit to Established Nests.- 3.5 Daily Activity of Foundress.- 3.6 Abnormal Nestings.- 4 Architecture and Function of Embryo Nests.- 4.1 Embryo Nest Architecture.- 4.2 Function of Embryo Nests.- 5 Development and Structure of Nest.- 5.1 Changes in Shape of Nest.- 5.2 Modification of Nest Site.- 5.3 Envelope.- 5.4 Combs.- 5.5 Pillars.- 5.6 Weather Stripping.- 6 Nest Relocation.- 6.1 Process of Relocation.- 6.2 Function of Relocation.- 7 Repair.- 7.1 Factor Dependency.- 7.2 Reconstruction.- 4. Social Structure and Behavior.- 1 Division of Labor Between Queen and Workers.- 1.1 Caste Differentiation.- 1.2 Behavioral Changes in Queen in Relation to Worker Emergence.- 1.3 Relationship Between Size of Colony and Division of Labor.- 2 Relation Between Labor and Age in Worker.- 2.1 Behavior of Workers Soon After Emergence.- 2.2 Orientation Flight.- 2.3 Day Age and Labor.- 2.4 Proportion of Time Spent in Each Activity.- 3 Oviposition by Workers.- 3.1 Worker Behavior After Loss of Foundress.- 3.2 Mechanism of Occurrence of Laying Workers.- 4 Behavior of Larvae.- 4.1 Orientation Within Cell.- 4.2 Behavioral Repertoire.- 4.3 Hunger Signal and Pattern of Feeding Habits.- 4.4 Origin of Hunger Signal.- 4.5 Comparison Between Species and Genera.- 5 Trophallaxis Between Larvae and Adults.- 6 Daily Activity of Workers.- 5. Foraging Behavior.- 1 Food Sources and Feeding Habits.- 1.1 Carbohydrate Sources.- 1.2 Protein Sources.- 1.3 The Search for Prey.- 1.4 Capture and Treatment of Prey.- 2 Dependence of Vespa tropica on Polistine Wasps.- 2.1 Objects of Attack.- 2.2 Collection of Prey.- 2.3 Phenology of Attack.- 2.4 Ratio of Polistes Nests Attacked by V. tropica.- 2.5 Period of Predation on Polistes Nests.- 2.6 Fate of Attacked Polistes Colonies.- 2.7 Restriction of V. tropica Colony Size in Temperate Regions.- 3 Group Predation by Vespa mandarinia.- 3.1 Phenology of Attacks.- 3.2 Predatory Habits.- 3.3 Foraging Distance.- 3.4 Ratio of Nests Attacked by V. mandarinia.- 3.5 Defense Strategy in Japanese Honeybee Apis cerana.- 3.6 Characteristics of Group Predation.- 4 Foraging Distance.- 5 Intra- and Interspecific Relationships at Tree Sap Apertures.- 5.1 Dominance Relationships Among Post-Hibernating Queens.- 5.2 Behavior Toward Other Insects.- 5.3 Occupation of Tree Apertures by Workers in Summer.- 6. Population Dynamics.- 1 Survivorship Curves of Workers.- 1.1 Length of Developmental Stage.- 1.2 Survivorship Curves.- 1.3 Fate of Brood at Emergence of Reproductives.- 2 Seasonal Changes in Population Structure.- 2.1 Number of Cells.- 2.2 Number of Individuals According to Developmental Stage.- 2.3 Colony Size.- 2.4 Duration of Life Cycle and Type of Life History.- 2.5 Seasonal Development of a Single V. tropica Colony.- 3 Production of Reproductives.- 3.1 Number of Reproductives Produced per Colony.- 3.2 Larva: Worker Ratio (L/W).- 4 Sympatry and Mechanism of Coexistence in Five Vespa Species.- 5 Survivorship of Colonies and Factors Influencing Mortality.- 5.1 Survivorship of Colonies.- 5.2 Mortality Factors.- 6 Annual Fluctuations in Number of Colonies.- 7. Life of Wasps in the Tropics.- 1 Life Cycle Characteristics.- 1.1 Asynchronism.- 1.2 Various Modes of Nest Foundation.- 1.3 Annual Life Cycle.- 1.4 Large Colony Size.- 1.5 Nest Architecture.- 2 Ecological Characteristics of Nocturnal Wasps Provespa.- 8. Social Parasitism.- 1 Vespine Social Parasites.- 2 Social Parasitism as an Adaptive Strategy.- 2.1 Why Usurp?.- 2.2 Fights over Attempted Usurpation.- 2.3 Behavior of Host and Parasite Queens.- 2.4 Adaptive Significance of Permanent and Temporary Parasitism.- 9. Natural Enemies.- 1 Main Natural Enemies.- 1.1 Predators of Adult Wasps.- 1.2 Endoparasites of Adults.- 1.3 Parasitoids and Predators Within Colonies.- 1.4 Predators on Colonies.- 2 Effect of Stylopization by Xenos spp.- 2.1 Host and Parasitism.- 2.2 Life History of Xenos spp.- 2.3 Activities of Stylopized Wasps in the Field.- 2.4 Intranidal Behavior of Stylopized Hornets.- 10. Phylogeny and Classification.- 1 Characters Used.- 2 Phylogenetic Position of the Vespinae.- 3 Phylogeny of the Vespinae.- 3.1 Phylogenies Proposed up to Now.- 3.2 Phylogenetic Relationships at Genus Level.- 3.3 The Common Ancestor of Vespula and Doliochovespula.- 4 List of the World's Vespinae.- 11. Distribution and Phylogeny.- 1 Distribution Pattern.- 1.1 Distribution of the Four Genera.- 1.2 Center of Diversification.- 1.3 Expansion of Vespa Range.- 1.4 Examples of Interspecific Competition.- 2 Similarity of Fauna in Eurasia and North America.- 2.1 Climate of Beringia.- 2.2 Vespine Distribution Patterns.- 2.3 Geographical Variations in High-Latitude Species.- 12. The Vespines and Man.- 1 Vespine Wasps as Nuisance Pests.- 1.1 Trouble Caused by Vespines in the USA and Europe.- 1.2 Trouble Caused by Vespines in Japan.- 1.3 Vespid Venoms.- 2 The Wasp as Enemy of the Honeybee.- 2.1 Damage-Inflicting Species.- 2.2 Type of Damage.- 3 The Wasp as Fruit Pest.- 3.1 The Wasp in Orchards.- 3.2 Damage-Inflicting Species.- 3.3 Type of Damage.- 4 The Wasp as Beneficial Insect.- 4.1 The Wasp as Food.- 4.2 Application of the Wasp as Predatory Insect.- 5 Control.- 5.1 Destruction or Removal of Colonies.- 5.2 Control by Insecticide Baits.- 5.3 Attracting Yellowjackets with Synthetic Chemicals.- 13. The Japanese Species.- 1 Identification.- 1.1 Characteristics of the Vespinae.- 1.2 Identification at Genus Level.- 1.3 Identification of the Japanese Species.- 2 The Japanese Vespinae.- 2.1 Vespa mandarinia Smith (Oo-suzumebachi).- 2.2 Vespa tropica (Linnaeus) (Hime-suzumebachi).- 2.3 Vespa analis Fabricius (Kogata-suzumebachi).- 2.4 Vespa affinis (Linnaeus) (Tsumaguro-suzumebachi).- 2.5 Vespa crabro Linnaeus (Mon-suzumebachi).- 2.6 Vespa simillima Smith (Kebuka-suzumebachi/ Kiiro-suzumebachi).- 2.7 Vespa dybowskii Andre (Chairo-suzumebachi).- 2.8 Vespula vulgaris (Linnaeus) (Kiobi-kurosuzumebachi).- 2.9 Vespula flaviceps (Smith) (Kuro-suzumebachi).- 2.10 Vespula shidai Ishikawa et al. (Shida-kurosuzumebachi).- 2.11 Vespula schrenckii (Radoszkowskii) (Tsuya-kurosuzumebachi).- 2.12 Vespula austriaca (Panzer) (Yadori-suzumebachi).- 2.13 Dolichovespula norvegicoides (Sladen) (Shiroobi-hoonaga-suzumebachi).- 2.14 Dolichovespula saxonica (Fabricius) (Nippon-hoonaga-suzumebachi).- 2.15 Dolichovespula adulterina (Buysson) (Yadori-hoonaga- suzumebachi).- 2.16 Dolichovespula media (Retzius) (Kiobi-hoonaga-suzumebachi).- 3 Distribution in Japan.- References.- Author Index.- Taxonomic Index.
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