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和田 正廣 東洋史研究 44 (1), 77-109, 1985-06-30
...Though they were qualified for different levels of local office, from the middle of the Ming dynasty the juren 舉人, gongsheng 貢生 and jiansheng 監生 suffered discrimination in regard to appointment and merit...
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渡, 昌弘 集刊東洋学 49 19-36, 1983-05-30
紀要類（bulletin）
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川勝 守 東洋史研究 40 (3), 480-511, 1981-12-31
...twenty-ninth year of the Kangxi period (1690) through the eleventh month of the thirty first year (1692)), this time based both on reports of injury submitted by lower ranking xiangshen (includins jiansheng 監生...
山根 幸夫 東洋史研究 40 (2), 277-302, 1981-09-30
...I found that only 19 persons ever held an official position of rank 7 and higher, or had been succesful in the jinshi 進士 examinations ;it was clear that the greater part were jiansheng 監生 ('nationaluniversity...
和田, 正広 東洋学報 60 (1・2), 93-131, 1978-11
...chü-jên not holding a government post, which was found in the privileged exemption rules from labor service (yu-mien ordinance) in Ming times, compared with that of other kuan-yüan 官員 and chien-shêng 監生...
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和田 正廣 史学雑誌 87 (3), 310-345,408-40, 1978
...Most Ju-ren who failed in the Hui-shi exams were Ju-ren jian-sheng (挙人監生) attending the National University....
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山本, 英史 東洋学報 59 (1・2), 131-166, 1977-10
...., shên-yüan 生員, chien-shêng 監生, etc.) that could be lucratively employed in the practice of pao-lan....
