クメール寺院の石造壁と木造架構の接続技法

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  • ON THE TECHNIQUES OF THE WOOD FRAMES ON THE STONEWALLS IN KHMER ARCHITECTURE
  • クメール ジイン ノ セキゾウヘキ ト モクゾウカコウ ノ セツゾク ギホウ

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 In the history of Khmer architecture, it is well known that there was a transition from wooden construction to stone construction during the early 10th century to the second half of the 11th century. Also well known in the course of transition there was a period when wooden roof structure with tile on the stone structure wall appeared. There was a famous study by J. Dumarcay on the construction of wooden roofs in these periods, and the critically revisited by Chika Sawada, Kunikazu Ueno, there are many unclear elements requiring further study. The connection of the wooden roof structure and stone structure wall was a very technical problem in the period of transition from wooden to stone structure.<br> This report studied and organized the process of transition of the pole plate and beam at the upper part of the stone wall with a central focus on Preah Vihear because the monument had a history of continuous extension and reconstruction from about end of the 9th century to 11th century. Additionally, a comparison with other temples constructed in a similar age showed similar trace elements with Preah Vihear. Concurrently, the result of this study includes a new proposal to the construction process of Preah Vihear adding to proposals by H. Parmentier, and S. Sahai.<br> Koh Ker monuments did not have a pole plate and put the beam directly on the stone structure wall, whereas the pole plate was generated after the East Mebon. The pole plate in this period was embedded in the upper face of the stone wall, and from around 1000 AD was put on the upper face. There are many cases where stone parts had the decoration of roof tile on the outside. Although in the early period the beam was thicker than the pole plate and the beam was set under the pole plate, from around second quarter of the 11th century the position of beam and pole plate reversed and beam set on the pole plate. The size of beam and pole plate became the same, and stone parts were used to cover the upper parts of the pole plate from rain water.<br> Based on this study, the phases of the construction process and period of each building in Preah Vihear can be proposed with the other temples being the benchmark of age had wooden roof structure on the stone structure wall. Each construction period is possible to define become in the later period if the same technique was applied the process shows the upper limit of the period.<br> 1) Jayavarman IV (928-941): attached building in Prasat Thom, transept of the gopura in Prasat Krachap,<br> 2) Rajendravarman II (944-968), third quarter of the 10th century: East Mebon, Pre Rup, attached building of Banteay Srei (before reconstruction)<br> 3) Jayavarman V (968- around 1000), fourth quarter of 10th century?: attached building of Banteay Srei(after reconstruction), attached building of Ta Keo, preceding building shaped as “一” (center part of H') at the west of Gopura III and building E in Preah Vihear<br> 4) Suryavarman I (1002-1050), end of 10th century – first quarter of 11th century : Gopura I and II and west attached building shaped as “コ” (I') and east attached building shaped as “一” (H) of Gopura III, building F<br> 5) Suryavarman I (1002-1050), second quarter of the 11th century: east attached building shaped as “コ” (I) of Gopura III<br> 6) After Udayadityavarman II (1050-1066), second half of the 11th century – 12th century: Gopura III, IV, and V in Preah Vihear

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