Phase equilibria in chemical engineering
著者
書誌事項
Phase equilibria in chemical engineering
Butterworth, c1985
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注記
Bibliography: p. 639-658
Includes indexes
内容説明・目次
内容説明
Phase Equilibria in Chemical Engineering is devoted to the thermodynamic basis and practical aspects of the calculation of equilibrium conditions of multiple phases that are pertinent to chemical engineering processes. Efforts have been made throughout the book to provide guidance to adequate theory and practice. The book begins with a long chapter on equations of state, since it is intimately bound up with the development of thermodynamics. Following material on basic thermodynamics and nonidealities in terms of fugacities and activities, individual chapters are devoted to equilibria primarily between pairs of phases. A few topics that do not fit into these categories and for which the state of the art is not yet developed quantitatively have been relegated to a separate chapter. The chapter on chemical equilibria is pertinent since many processes involve simultaneous chemical and phase equilibria. Also included are chapters on the evaluation of enthalpy and entropy changes of nonideal substances and mixtures, and on experimental methods. This book is intended as a reference and self-study as well as a textbook either for full courses in phase equilibria or as a supplement to related courses in the chemical engineering curriculum. Practicing engineers concerned with separation technology and process design also may find the book useful.
目次
List of FiguresList of TablesList of ExamplesPreface A Guide for the Perplexed 1. Equations of State 1.1 Historical Notes 1.2 Nonideal Gases 1.3 Corresponding States 1.4 The Virial Equation 1.5 Cubic Equations 1.6 Complex Equations of State 1.7 Intermolecular Forces and Equations of State 1.8 The Critical State and Critical Properties 1.9 Comparisons and Tentative Recommendations 1.10 Review Literature on Equations of State 1.11 Problems 2. Thermodynamic Functions and Equilibrium 2.1 Energy Functions 2.2 Fundamental Equations 2.3 Total and Specific Properties 2.4 Partial Molai Properties 2.5 Derivatives with Respect to Mol Fractions 2.6 Homogeneous Functions 2.7 Variation of Properties with Temperature and Pressure 2.8 Mixing and Excess Functions 2.9 The Gibbs-Duhem Equation and Thermodynamic Consistency 2.10 Conditions of Equilibrium 2.11 Problems 3. Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient 3.1 Definitions and Basic Relations 3.2 Pure Substances 3.3 Mixtures 3.4 Ideal Mixtures 3.5 Liquid and Solid Phases 3.6 Applications 3.7 Problems 4. Activity Coefficients 4.1 Activity and Activity Coefficients 4.2 Standard States 4.3 Thermodynamic Relations Involving Activity Coefficients 4.4 Determination of Activity Coefficients 4.5 Activity Coefficients and Equations of State 4.6 Correlation of Data 4.7 The Margules and Related Equations 4.8 The van Laar Equation 4.9 The Wilson Equation and Some Modifications 4.10 The NRTL (Renon) Equation 4.11 The UNIQUAC (Universal Quasi-Chemical) Equation 4.12 Multicomponent Mixtures 4.13 Comparison of Equations 4.14 Multiple Roots 4.15 Infinite Dilution 4.16 Activity Coefficients from Pure Component Properties 4.17 Activity Coefficients from Measurements of Equilibrium 4.18 The Effect of Temperature and Excess Enthalpy 4.19 Problems 5. Phase Diagrams 5.1 Geometric Representation 5.2 The Phase Rule 5.3 Unary Systems 5.4 Binary Systems 5.5 Ternary Systems 5.6 More than Three Components 5.7 Selected Books on Phase Diagrams 5.8 Problems 6. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 6.1 Vapor and Liquid Phases 6.2 Vaporization Equilibrium Ratio 6.3 Equilibria with Ks Independent of Composition 6.4 Equilibria with AEs Dependent on Composition 6.5 Solubility of Gases in Liquids 6.6 Binary VLE Diagrams 6.7 Gibbs Energy Minimization 6.8 Problems 7. Liquid-Liquid Equilibria 7.1 Liquid Mixtures 7.2 Phase Diagrams 7.3 Miscibility and Thermodynamic Stability 7.4 Binary Mixtures 7.5 Ternary and Multicomponent Mixtures 7.6 Prediction of LLE with UNIFAC or ASOG 7.7 Solubility of Liquids 7.8 Vapor-Liquid-Liquid Equilibria 7.9 Vapor-Liquid-Solid Equilibria 7.10 Problems 8. Liquid-Solid Equilibrium 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Solubility of Solids in Liquids 8.3 Melt Equilibria 8.4 Binary Mixtures 8.5 Multicomponent Systems 8.6 Solubility of Solids and Liquids in Supercritical Gases 8.7 Problems 9. Other Topics 9.1 Adsorption 9.2 Aqueous Electrolyte Systems 9.3 Undefined Compounds and Mixtures 9.4 Polymers 9.5 Liquid Crystals and Micelles 9.6 Mixtures at Supercritical Conditions 9.7 Hydrates 9.8 Problems 10. Chemical Equilibria 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Degree of Advancement of a Chemical Reaction 10.3 The Equilibrium Equation 10.4 The Equilibrium Constant and Reference States 10.5 Equilibrium Composition 10.6 Multiple Reactions 10.7 Combined Chemical and Phase Equilibria 10.8 Problems 11. Evaluation of Changes in Enthalpy and Entropy 11.1 Basic Relations 11.2 Evaluation of Residual Properties 11.3 Specific Equations of State 11.4 Result of Changes in both P and T 11.5 Mixtures 11.6 Mixing of Liquids 11.7 Vaporization Enthalpy 11.8 Hydrocarbon Mixtures 11.9 Problems 12. Principles of Experimental Methods for Phase Equilibria 12.1 Solubility in Liquids 12.2 Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure 12.3 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 12.4 Liquid-Solid (Melt) Equilibrium 12.5 General References on Experimental Methods for Phase EquilibriaAppendixes Appendix A General Thermodynamic Formulas Appendix B Numerical Methods Appendix C Computer Programs Appendix D Physical Properties Appendix E Parameters and Correlations Appendix F Notation Index Appendix G Units and Conversions Appendix H References to the Literature Substance Index Subject Index
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