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Production of food to meet the demands of an ever-increasing human population in the world is the major task and challenge to agriculture today. The conventional methods of plant breeding alone can no longer cope with the situation. The success of any crop improvement program depends on the extent of genetic variability in the base population, but due to denuding of forests and agricultural land, the naturally occurring pool of germplasm is being depleted. An urgent need is therefore ap parent to create new variability and increase the genetic base of agricul tural crops. Agricultural biotechnology has progressed to a stage in the produc tion of plants where specific characteristics to improve their yield, ap pearance, disease-resistance, nutritional quality and adaptation to ad verse soil conditions can be built into the seed. This concept of built-in quality implies a continuous scientific endeavour to improve plant char acters using a wide range of possibilities, and it also implies a scrutiny of the materials and methods available in the world today.

Section I Cereals.- I.1 Biotechnology of Wheat Improvement (With 7 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biotechnological Approaches to the Induction and Cryoconservation of Genetic Variability.- 3. Conclusions and Prospects of Biotechnology in Wheat Improvement.- I.2 Wheat: Genetic Variability Through Anther Culture (With 2 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Technique of Anther Culture.- 3. Variation in Culturability.- 4. Variation in R0 Generation.- 5. Source of Variation.- 6. Variability in Ploidy Level.- 7. Variability Due to Somatic Cell Origin in Anther Calli.- 8. Variability Due to Multicellular Origin.- 9. Variability Due to Polyhaploid State.- 10. Variability in Chromosome Number.- 11. Variation in Chromosome Structure.- 12. Variability in Yield.- 13. Conclusions.- I.3 Wheat: Improvement Through Anther Culture (With 4 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Various Factors Influencing the Response of Anther in Culture.- 3. The Possibility of Using Pollen Plants for Crop Improvement.- 4. Application of Anther Culture in Crop Improvement.- 5. Conclusions.- I.4 Wheat: Production of Haploids, Performance of Doubled Haploids, and Yield Trials (With 3 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Production of Haploids.- 3. Performance of Doubled Haploids and Field Trials.- I.5 Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) (With 3 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Conclusion.- I.6 Rice: Regeneration of Plants from Callus Cultures (With 14 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Callus Induction.- 3. Morphology of Callus Leading to Shoot-Bud Formation.- 4. Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies.- 5. Cytohistological Studies.- 6. Abnormality in Regenerated Leaves.- 7. Anther, Endosperm and Protoplast Cultures.- 8. Hormonal Regulation.- 9. Conclusion.- I.7 Rice (Oryza sativa L.): Factors Affecting Androgenesis (With 3 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Induction for Sporophytic Development.- 3. Culture Media.- 4. Culture Conditions.- 5. Developmental Stage of Pollen.- 6. Genotype of Donor Plants.- 7. Physiological State of Donor Plants.- 8. Differentiation of Callus.- 9. Albinism.- 10. Conclusions.- I.8 Rice: Anther Culture for Rice Improvement in China (With 1 Figure).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Anther and Pollen Culture.- 3. Uses of Pollen Plants in Rice Breeding.- 4. Conclusions.- I.9 Rice (Oryza sativa L.): Cryopreservation of Cell Cultures (With 14 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Freeze-Preservation of Rice Cells Grown in Suspension Culture.- 3. Freeze-Recovered Rice Cells Repair Several Physiological Alterations Caused by Cryopreservation.- 4. Freeze-Recovered Rice Cells Repair Extensive Ultrastructural Damage.- I.10 Corn (Zea mays L.): Production of Pure Lines Through Anther Culture (With 4 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Anther Culture and the Induction of Pollen Embryoids.- 3. Modes of Development of Embryoids from Pollen.- 4. Factors Affecting Androgenesis.- 5. Observations on the Progeny of Pollen Plants.- 6. Conclusions and Prospects.- I.11 Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.): Establishment of Cultures and the Regeneration of Plants (With 3 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Breeding Objectives and the Applications of Tissue Culture.- 3. Establishment of Cultures.- 4. Shoot and Plant Recovery in Cultures.- 5. Embryo Culture.- 6. In Vitro Culture of Anthers and Microspores.- 7. Protoplast Isolation, Culture and Fusion.- I.12 Barley: Induction of Genetic Variability Through Callus Cultures (With 4 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Callus Types in Barley.- 3. Variation in Chromosome Number.- 4. Chromosome Number in Plants Regenerated from Barley Callus.- 5. Gene Variability Through Barley Callus.- 6. Conclusions.- I.13 Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] (With 2 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Methods of Sterilization of Explants.- 4. Establishment of Callus Cultures.- 5. Suspension Cultures and Their Media Composition.- 6. Protoplast Isolation and Culture.- 7. Anther Culture.- 8. Regeneration and Transfer of Plants.- 9. Genetic Stability.- 10. Physiological and Biochemical Studies.- 11. Conclusion.- I.14 Pearl Millet (Pennisetum americanum L.) (With 3 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Conclusions and Prospects.- References to Section I.- Section II Vegetables, Legumes and Tubers.- II.1 Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (With 1 Figure).- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches and Systems.- 3. Conclusions and Prospects.- II.2 Phaseolus: Wide Hybridization Through Embryo Culture (With 2 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interspecific Hybridization.- 3. Interspecific Hybrid Embryo Development.- 4. Embryo Culture.- 5. Development and Fertility of Interspecific Hybrid Plants and Their Progeny.- 6. Conclusions.- II.3 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) (With 1 Figure).- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Conclusions and Prospects.- II.4 Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) (With 3 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Conclusions and Prospects.- II.5 Egg Plant (Solanum melongena L.) (With 1 Figure).- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Plant Regeneration.- 4. Some Factors Influencing Plant Regeneration.- 5. Protoplast Culture.- 6. Conclusions and Prospects.- II.6 Cucurbits (With 5 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Embryo Culture.- 3. Establishment of Callus and Suspension Cultures.- 4. Plant Regeneration.- 5. Miscellaneous.- 6. Conclusions and Prospects.- II.7 Onion, Garlic and Leek (Allium Species) (With 10 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Conclusions and Prospects.- II.8 Celery (Apium graveolens L.) (With 2 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Crop Improvement Using In Vitro Techniques.- 3. Conclusions.- II.9 Butter-Bur (Petasites japonicus Miq.) (With 5 Figures).- 1. General Account.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Conclusion.- II.10 Biotechnology of Potato Improvement (With 4 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Summary and Conclusions.- II.11 Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Poir.) (With 8 Figures).- 1. General Account.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Summary and Conclusions.- II.12 Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) (With 2 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Miscellaneous.- 4. Conclusions and Prospects.- II.13 Globe Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) (With 2 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Need to Incorporate Unconventional Methods.- 3. In Vitro Approaches.- 4. Conclusions and Prospects.- References to Section II.- Section III Future Agricultural Crops.- III.1 Triticale (Triticosecale): Production Through Embryo Culture (With 2 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Plant Material.- 3. Nutrient Medium.- 4. Embryo Culture.- 5. Transfer of Plants to Soil.- 6. Conclusions.- III.2 Triticale: Production of Haploid and Homozygous Plants (With 5 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Factors Affecting Production of Haploids.- 3. Development of Haploids and Homozygous Lines.- III.3 Hordecale (Hordeum vulgare L. x Secale cereale L.) (With 2 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Attributes of Rye and Barley.- 3. Initial Crossing Attempts.- 4. Incompatibility Reactions in Barley x Rye Hybridization.- 5. Embryo Rescue and Culture Technique.- 6. Seed Set in Barley x Rye Crosses.- 7. Progeny of Hordeum x Secale Crosses.- 8. Somatic Regeneration of Hordeum x Secale Hybrids.- 9. Hybrid Plant Morphology.- 10. Somatic Chromosomes.- 11. Meiotic Chromosome Pairing.- 12. Amphiploids.- 13. Trigeneric Hybrids.- 14. Genomic Effects on Chromosome Pairing.- 15. Prospects.- III.4 Winged Bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.] (With 5 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Photoperiod and Temperature Requirement for Flowering of Winged Bean.- 3. Tissue Culture Studies.- 4. Conclusions and Prospects.- III.5 Amaranths (Amaranthus spp.): Potential Grain and Vegetable Crops (With 3 Figures).- 1. Introduction.- 2. In Vitro Culture.- 3. Conclusions and Prospects.- III.6 Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) (With 14 Figures).- 1. General Account.- 2. In Vitro Approaches.- 3. Conclusions and Prospects.- References to Section III.

巻冊次: 2 : G.W. ISBN 9783540190646

内容説明

This volume comprises 31 chapters on biotechnology of various vegetables, fruits, grasses and forage crops and deals with the importance, distribution, conventional propagation, micropropagation, review of the tissue culture work and recent advances in the in-vitro technology. These biotechnological approaches have far-reaching implications for the mass propagation, induction of genetic variability, and the early release of improved cultivars.

Section I Fruit Crops.- I.1 Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- 4 Protocol.- References.- I.2 Strawberries (Fragaria spp. and Hybrids).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusion and Prospects.- 4 Summary of Recommended Methods.- References.- I.3 Brambles (Rubus spp.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 Rubus Tissue Culture Media.- 3 Need to Incorporate In Vitro Techniques.- 4 Variability and Selection.- 5 Conclusions.- 6 Protocols for Tissue Culture ofRubus.- References.- I.4 Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusion and Prospects.- 4 Protocol for Micropropagation of Red Raspberry.- References.- I.5 Currants (Ribes spp.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- 4 Protocol.- References.- 1.6 Gooseberry[Ribes uva-crispa (grossularia)].- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 1.7 Chinese Gooseberry, Kiwifruit(Actinidia spp.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- 1.8 Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 Blueberry Breeding.- 3 In Vitro Techniques with Blueberries.- 4 Summary.- References.- 1.9 Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- 4 Protocol.- References.- Section II Vegetable Crops.- II.1 Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Other Studies.- 4 Summary and Protocol.- References.- II.2 Cabbage(Brassica oleracea var.capitata L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- II.3 Brussels Sprout(Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) and Broccoli(B. oleracea var. italica).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- 4 Protocol.- References.- II.4 Cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 Conventional Practices and the Need to Incorporate Unconventional Methods.- 3 In Vitro Approaches.- 4 Variation.- 5 Miscellaneous.- 6 Summary.- 7 Protocols of Various In Vitro Cultures Used in Our Laboratory.- References.- II.5 Chicory(Cichorium intybus L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- II.6 Taro(Colocasia esculenta Schott.).- 1 General Account.- 2 Diseases.- 3 In Vitro Approach 3254 Mutation and Genetic Stability.- 5 Productivity.- 6 Conclusion.- References.- II.7 Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions.- References.- II.8 Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 Objectives for Lettuce Improvement.- 3 In Vitro Approaches.- 4 Future Prospects.- References.- II.9 Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- II.10 Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) : A Potential New Crop.- 1 Importance.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- Section III Grasses, Forages, and Pasture Crops.- III.1 Tall Fescue(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and Its Hybrids.- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- III.2 Red Fescue(Festucarubra L.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- III.3 Smooth Bromegrass(Bromus inermis Leyss).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- 4 Protocol.- References.- III.4 Big Bluestem(Andropogon gerardii Vitman), Little Bluestem[Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash] and Indiangrass[Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash].- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Chromosome Stability in Somaclones.- 4 Protocol.- References.- III.5 Common Bermudagrass[Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.].- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Summary and Conclusions.- 4 Protocols.- References.- III.6 Elephant Grass, Napier Grass(Pennisetum purpureum Schum.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Culture Studies.- 3 Summary and Conclusions.- 4 Protocol.- References.- III.7 Foxtail Millet[Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.].- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusion and Prospects.- References.- III.8 Paspalum spp..- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- III.9 Turtle Grass (Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig) - A Seagrass.- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusion and Prospects.- References.- III. 10 Barnyard Grasses (Echinochloa spp.): Somatic Embryogenesis and ADH Production.- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- 4 Protocol.- References.- III. 11 Kale (Brassica oleracea L. var.acephala, medullosa, ramosa, sabellica).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- 4 Protocol.- References.- III. 12 Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), Crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.) and Sainfoin(Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.).- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Approaches.- 3 Prospects.- 4 Protocol.- References.

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