Perspectives in ethology

Author(s)

• Bateson, P. P. G. (Paul Patrick Gordon)
• Klopfer, Peter H.

Bibliographic Information

Perspectives in ethology

edited by P.P.G. Bateson and Peter H. Klopfer

Plenum Press, 1973-

• v. 1
• v. 2
• v. 3
• v. 4
• v. 5
• v. 6
• v. 7
• v. 8

Note

[1]-v. 2. [without special title]

V. 3. Social behavior

V. 4. Advantages of diversity

V. 5. Ontogeny

V. 6. Mechanisms

V. 7. Alternatives

V. 8. Whither ethology?

V. 9 has the special title

Includes bibliographies and indexes

Description and Table of Contents

Volume

v. 1 ISBN 9780306366017

Description

In the early days of ethology, most of the major developments were in the realm of ideas and in the framework in which animal behavior was studied. Much of the evidence was anecdotal, much of the thinking intuitive. As the subject developed, theories had to be tested, language had to become more public than it had been, and quantitative descriptions had to replace the preliminary qualitative accounts. That is the way a science develops; hard- headed analysis follows soft-headed synthesis. There are limits, though, to the usefulness of this trend. The requirement to be quantitative can mean that easy measures are chosen at the expense of representing the complexly patterned nature of a phenomenon. All too easily the process of data collec- tion becomes a trivial exercise in describing the obvious or the irrelevant. Editors and their referees require authors to maintain high standards of evidence and avoid undue speculation-in short, to maintain professional respectability. In the main, this process is admirable and necessary, but somewhere along the line perspective is lost and a body of knowledge, with all the preconceptions and intellectual baggage that comes with it, becomes formally established. New ideas are treated as though they were subversive agents-as indeed they often are.

Table of Contents

1 Natural Responses to Scheduled Rewards.- I. Abstract.- II. The Quest for Reinforcement.- III. The Ant in a Maze.- IV. Reward Is Circular.- V. Reward Is Relative.- VI. Reward Is Reversible.- VII. Reward Is Displaceable.- VIII. Arbitrary Operants or Directed Respondents.- IX. The Coping Organism and the Artificial Niche.- X. Needs, Receptors, and Neural Circuits.- XI. Summing Up: The Organism-Information Approach.- XII. References.- 2 Imitation: A Review and Critique.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. History.- A. Early Comparative Psychology.- B. S-R/Reinforcement Learning Theory.- C. Classical Ethology.- IV. Current Status.- A. Bird Vocalization.- B. Social Facilitation.- C. Observational Learning.- V. Conclusions.- VI. Acknowledgments.- VII. References.- 3 Behavioral Aspects of Predation.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Experimental Component Analysis.- A. Analysis of the Functional Response.- B. Conclusions.- IV. Searching Images.- A. Evidence for Searching-Image Formation.- B. Switching and Searching-Image Formation.- C. Polymorphism and Searching Images.- D. Conclusions.- V. Hunting by Expectation.- A. Field Evidence.- B. Discussion.- VI. Search Paths.- A. Random Searching.- B. Area-Restricted Searching.- C. Modification of Searching Strategy Through Learning.- VII. "Niche" Hunting and Profitability.- A. Evidence.- B. Discussion.- VIII. Optimization Models of Predator Behavior.- A. Optimal Prey Selection.- B. Optimal Use of Patches.- IX. General Conclusions and Summary.- X. Acknowledgments.- XI. References.- 4 Orientation of Birds by Geomagnetic Field.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. The Geomagnetic Field.- IV. Magnetic Field Perception.- V. Conclusion.- VI. Acknowledgments.- VII. Appendix I.- VIII. Appendix II.- IX. Appendix III.- X. References.- 5 Describing Sequences of Behavior.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Sequences Within the Individual.- A. Methods of Analysis.- B. Some Comments on the Methods Used.- C. Alternative Methods of Approach.- IV. Sequences of Interaction Between Individuals.- V. Discussion.- VI. Acknowledgments.- VII. References.- 6 Specific and Nonspecific Factors in the Causation of Behavior.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- A. Action-Specific Models.- B. Diffuse Activation Models.- C. Partial Specificity ("Wavicle") Approach.- III. Models and Operations: Aspects of Classification and Analysis of Behavioral Control Systems.- A. Model Construction: General Themes.- B. Three Basic Dimensions in Integrated Behavior.- C. A Prototype Model and Its Limitations.- D. Summary of Classification Criteria.- E. Alternative Formulations.- F. An Operational Approach.- IV. Integrative Specificity Literature: An Overview.- A. Attentional-Motivational Variables.- B. Intensity Dimensions.- C. General Drive Constructs: Some Specific Dimensions.- D. Summation of Heterogeneous Factors.- E. Central-Peripheral Factors.- F. Approach-Avoidance and Activation Level.- G. Integrative Efficiency and Activation Level.- V. Displacement Activities: A Case Study.- A. Overview.- B. Shared Excitation vs. Disinhibition.- C. Central vs. Peripheral Factors.- D. Summary and Conclusions.- VI. Synopsis and Extrapolation: A "Boundary-State" Approach.- A. Synopsis: Major Specificity/Nonspecificity Dimensions.- B. Extrapolation: "Boundary-State" Model.- C. Related Behavioral Literature.- VII. Resume.- VIII. Acknowledgments.- IX. References.- 7 Social Displays and the Recognition of Individuals.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Observing Social Behavior.- A. Social Events Often Seem To Be Inconsequential.- B. Conspicuous Actions, and the Interactions That Follow Them, Can Surprise the Observer.- C. Individuals Become More Predictable in Their Characteristic Ways of Behaving in Their Social Groups.- IV. Social Behavior of Individual Animals.- V. Social Structures in Groups of Individuals.- VI. Differentiation of Relationships Between Individuals.- A. Introduction.- B. Participating in Encounters and Games.- C. Meaning, Reacting, and Acting.- D. Being Driven and Striving: Drive Theories of Display.- E. Being Driven and Striving: Goal Theories of Display.- F. Reinforcement Theories of Social Differentiation.- G. Social Differentiation and Imprinting.- VII. Methods Available for Studying Social Differentiation.- A. Introduction.- B. Computer-Linked Event Recording and Computer Aid.- C. Distinguishing Social Actions in the Stream of Behavior.- D. Discovering Action Sequences Within and Between Individuals.- E. Variable Action Sequences and the Characterization of Relationships Between Individuals.- VIII. Conclusions.- IX. Acknowledgments.- X. References.- 8 Does the Holistic Study of Behavior Have a Future?.- I. Introduction.- A. "Dimensional Complexity".- B. The Advantages of Studying Acoustic Behavior.- II. The Phenomena: The Morning Song of the Swainson's Thrush.- A. Introduction.- B. The Song Types.- C. The Primary Pattern Types.- D. The Scales.- E. The Ordering of Primary Patterns in a Song.- F. Evidence for an Overall Pattern to the Song.- G. Polyphonic Organization in the Veery.- H. Overall Primary Pattern Sequence.- I. The Keynote Sequence and Modulation Order.- J. The Emergence of "Song Cycles": Interaction Between Primary Pattern and Key Sequencing.- K. Summary: The Patterning of Song in Hylocichla.- III. The Phenomena: Diagonal or Rhomboidal Patterning in Other Taxa.- A. The Western Meadowlark.- B. Human Music.- C. Plant Phyllotaxy.- D. A Comparison of Thrush, Human, and Plant.- IV. The Interpretation of Orderly Patterning.- A. Complex Determinate Sequences.- B. Simplistic Models of Behavioral Organization.- C. Simple Nonlinear Models and the Emergence of Emergent Properties.- D. Further Consequences of Nonlinearity.- E. Complexity and Research Strategy.- V. On the Hierarchical Organization of Behavior.- A. Different Kinds of Hierarchies.- B. Hierarchies in the Nervous System.- C. Hierarchies and Plans.- D. Hierarchies and Holism.- VI. Perceptual Gating Arrays and the Concept of Distributed Control.- A. The Perceptual Template in Song Development and Production.- B. A Highly Specific Model of the Perceptual Template.- C. The Functioning of Gating Arrays.- D. Self-Tuning: Limit Cycle Behavior.- E. Hierarchical Organization vs. Distributed Control.- VII. ... But Is It Art?.- VIII. References.

Volume

v. 3 ISBN 9780306366031

Description

Sociobiology is the play of the season. Its success is mellsured by its immense popularity and perhaps by the controversy it has generated as well. Unfortunately, neither its popularity nor the resulting controversy seems likely to assure progress toward understanding sociobiological issues. The play has too many actors and, it seems, the casting has been poor; the players are unable to maintain their roles. At center stage, of course, is E. O. Wilson and his monumental opus Sociobiology. 1 In the wings, and making periodic entrances, are an assort- ment of brilliant, committed, and aggressive adversaries. On cue, one of them steps out and decries the self-fulfilling nature of sociobiological prophesies. The arguments of the adversaries are varied. They warn that if all nonhuman primate societies tolerate aggression and man is also a pri- mate, then aggression may come to be considered "normal" and therefore acceptable. Their dire warnings may also have real impact on policy, alter- ing, for example, a research program intended to examine longitudinally the relation between a supernumerary chromosome and certain behavioral disorders. The rationale is that since the afflicted infants would have to be identified and the study obviously does assume that psychopathology is linked to the chromosome aberration, the attitudes of the child's parents could well contribute to abnormal behavior that might otherwise not appear.

Table of Contents

1 The Genetics of Social Behavior.- I. Introduction.- II. The Genetic Roulette Wheel.- III. The Tender Trap of Adaptation.- IV. The Problem of Homogeneity.- V. Nonrandom Sampling of Restricted Gene Pools.- VI. The Evolutionary Advantages of Social Behavior.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.- 2 The Ecological Significance of Behavioral Dominance.- I. Introduction.- II. Historical Considerations.- III. Behavioral Dominance as a Natural Regulatory System.- IV. The Dominance-Dispersal Model.- V. Supportive Data and Discussion.- VI. Summary.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.- 3 How Does Behavior Develop?.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Discontinuities in Development.- IV. Explanations for Discontinuities.- A. Reduction in Variability.- B. Changes in Relationship.- C. Separate Determination of Timing.- D. Self-Stabilization.- E. Lack of Equivalence in Behavior.- F. Change in Control.- G. New Sources of Variation.- V. Conclusion.- VI. Acknowledgments.- VII. References.- 4 Continuity and Stage in Human Development.- I. The Meanings of Continuity.- II. Continuity in Stage Theory.- III. The Historical Bases for Faith in Continuity.- A. Evolutionary Theory and Infant Determinism.- IV. Evidence for Continuity in Human Development.- A. Some Recent Data.- B. A Suggested Interpretation.- C. Summary.- V. Acknowledgments.- VI. References.- 5 Feeding Behavior of Lemur Catta in Different Habitats.- I. Introduction.- II. Description of the Habitat.- A. Location.- B. Vegetation Types.- C. Statistical Vegetation Analysis-Ordination.- D. Plant-Species Diversity.- III. Lemur Behavior.- A. Population Structure and Home Ranges.- B. Eating and Searching Behavior.- C. Activity Rhythms.- D. Use of Forest Levels.- E. Day Ranges.- F. Use of Tamarindus indica.- G. Feeding Behavior-Total Feeding Time.- IV. Discussion.- V. Acknowledgments.- VI. References.- 6 Status and Hierarchy in Nonhuman Primate Societies.- I. Definitions.- II. A Straw-Man Theory.- III. Triadic Processes-One Alternative.- IV. Is Dominance Natural?.- V. Dominance or Subordinance?.- VI. Stress, Status, and Learning.- VII. Questions of Function.- VIII. Hierarchy Formation and Mathematics.- IX. Summary.- X. Acknowledgments.- XI. References.- 7 Hidden Regulatory Processes in Early Social Relationships.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Olfactory Processes Regulating the Mother-Infant Interaction.- A. Maternal Behavior.- B. Infant Behavior.- IV. Regulation of the Infants' Autonomic Function by the Mothers' Milk.- V. Infant Behavioral Arousal.- A. Thermal Influences.- B. Tactile Stimulation.- C. Olfactory Stimulation.- D. Vestibular Stimulation.- VI. Regulation of Rhythmic Functions of the Infant.- VII. Implications for Infant Development.- A. Toward Understanding the Responses to Early Mother-Infant Separation.- B. Developmental Outcome.- VIII. References.- 8 Social Behavior on Islands.- I. Introduction.- II. Behaving in the Caribbean.- III. Island Influences on Biota.- IV. Behavioral Traits of Colonizers.- V. The Effect of Wide Niches on Behavior.- VI. Aggression on Islands.- VII. The Behavioral Effects of Increased Numbers on Islands.- VIII. The Relative Social Effects of Competition and Predation on Islands.- IX. Multiple Invasions, Populations, and Niche Size.- X. Shallow Island Niches.- XI. Behavioral Correlates of Niche Broadening.- A. Range Expansion.- B. Habitat Expansion.- C. Increase in Variation.- D. Increase in Sexual Dimorphism.- E. Increase in Size.- XII. Summary.- XIII. References.- 9 On Predation, Competition, and the Advantages of Group Living.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. The Major Selective Forces.- IV. Predation and Resource Competition: Influences of Environment, Individuals, and Species.- A. Predation.- B. Resource Competition.- V. Predation and Resource Competition: Their Combined Action.- A. Games against Nature.- B. Social Games.- VI. Discussion and Conclusions.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. Appendix-Glossary of Terms.- IX. References.- 10 Is History a Consequence of Evolution?.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Causality in Evolution and History.- IV. Evolution Considered as an Existential Game.- V. The Peculiar Evolutionary Strategy of Man.- VI. Residual Evolutionary Problems.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.

Volume

v. 4 ISBN 9780306405112

Description

One of the attractive features of the great classical ethologists was their readiness to ask different kinds of questions about behavior - and to do so without muddling the answers. Niko Tinbergen, for instance, was interested in the evolution of behavior. But he also had interests in the present-day sur- vival value of a behavior pattern and in the mechanisms that control it from moment to moment. Broad as his interests were, he clearly separated out the problems and recognized that questions about the history, function, control, and development of behavior require distinct approaches - even though the answers to one type of question may aid in finding answers to another. The open-minded (and clear-headed) style of ethologists like Tinbergen was based on a recognition that there are diverse ways of usefully con- ducting research on behavior. This consciousness has been partially sub- merged in recent years by new waves of narrowly focused enthusiasm. For instance, the study of the behavior of whole animals without recourse to lower levels of analysis, and the treatment of sociobiological theories as ex- planation for how individuals develop, has meant that the relatively fragile plants of neuroethology and behavioral ontogeny have almost disappeared under the flood.

Table of Contents

1 The Nature and Description of Behavior Patterns.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Describing Behavior: Two Methods or One?.- IV. The Domains of Regularity.- A. Location in Space.- B. Orientation to the Environment.- C. Topography of the Animal.- D. Intrinsic Properties of the Animal.- E. Changes Effected in the Physical Environment.- F. A Note on Context.- V. Natural Units of Behavior.- A. The Existence of Natural Units.- B. The Role of the Describer.- C. The Level and Scope of the Unit.- VI. The Description of Behavior Patterns.- A. The Selection of Domains.- B. The Selection of Regularities and Specific Features.- C. The Objectivity of Pure Description.- VII. Conclusions.- VIII. Summary.- IX. Acknowledgments.- X. References.- 2 Individual Differences in Animal Behavior.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Differences in Feeding Behavior.- IV. Strategies of Behavior.- V. Communication of Identity.- VI. Model Action Patterns.- VII. Adaptiveness or Noise?.- VIII. Conclusion.- IX. Acknowledgments.- X. References.- 3 Toward a Falsifiable Theory of Evolution.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. The Tautology of Evolutionary Biology.- IV. The Tautology in Behaviorism.- V. A Resolution of the Tautology.- VI. Some Concluding Remarks.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.- 4 Evolutionary, Proximate, and Functional Primate Social Ecology.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Evolutionary Social Ecology.- IV. Proximate Social Ecology.- V. Functional Social Ecology.- VI. Interdigitation of Evolutionary, Proximate, and Functional Social Ecology.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.- 5 Social Structure and Individual Ontogenies: Problems of Description, Mechanism, and Evolution.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Ontogenetic Trajectories.- IV. Homeostasis or Steady State?.- V. Evolution of Maturational Controls.- VI. Conclusion.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. Appendix.- IX. References.- 6 On a Possible Relation Between Cultural Transmission and Genetical Evolution.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Components of Intelligence.- IV. Habit and Instinct.- V. Assimilative Selection.- VI. Evolution of Intelligence.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.- 7 The Behavior of Organisms, as it is Linked to Genes and Populations.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Integrative Levels in Biology.- IV. Behavior: The Interaction of the Organism with Its Environment.- V. Integrative Levels in the Evolutionary Process.- VI. Acknowledgments.- VII. References.- 8 From Causations to Translations: What Biochemists can Contribute to the Study of Behavior.- I. Abstract.- II. On Levels of Analysis.- III. The Objects of Behavioral Study.- IV. The Inadequacy of Systems Approaches.- V. The Hazards of Reification.- VI. The Reductionist Fallacy.- VII. Springing the Trap?.- VIII. From Causes to Translations.- IX. Theory into Practice.- X. Acknowledgments.- XI. References.- 9 Behavior and the Physical World of an Animal.- I. Abstract.- II. The Parameters of Concern.- III. The Physical World Comes First.- IV. Size and the Physical World.- V. Behavior and the Flow of Fluids.- VI. Remarks in Conclusion.- VII. References.- 10 Escalated Fighting and the War of Nerves: Games Theory and Animal Combat.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Escalation in Contests.- IV. Games Theory and Animal Contests.- A. Some Basic Ideas.- B. A Simple Model: The War of Attrition.- C. Models with Escalation.- D. Hawks and Doves.- E. "Explanation" by Models.- F. A Benefit of Destructive Combat?.- G. The War of Nerves.- H. Is Risk Important?.- I. Contests with Small Injuries.- J. Contests as Random Walks.- V. Discussion.- VI. Acknowledgments.- VII. References.- 11 Science and the Law: A Muddled Interface.

Volume

v. 5 ISBN 9780306410635

Description

This volume is devoted principally to the theme of behavioral develop- ment. The study of ontogeny has attracted some of the most bitter and protracted controversies in the whole field of ethology and psychology. This is partly because the arguments have reflected more general and continuing ideological battles about nature and nurture. In the opening essay, Oppenheim shows how these debates have recurred in much the same form over the last century. His chapter also brings out a more worrying feature of such argument. He demonstrates that authors who are well known for their strongly held partisan views have written in much more balanced ways than is usually admitted. Although the ex- cluded middle is familiar enough in academic argument, the dynamic tensions actually present in developing systems may be particularly prone to polarize debate about what is actually happening. This point is elegantly explored by Oyama in her essay on her concept of maturation.

Table of Contents

1 Preformation and Epigenesis in the Origins of the Nervous System and Behavior: Issues, Concepts, and Their History.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Preformation and Epigenesis in the 18th Century.- IV. Preformation and Epigenesis in the 19th Century.- V. Recapitulation Theory and Embryology.- VI. Neopreformation, Neoepigenesis, and the Birth of Experimental Embryology.- VII. Roux's Contribution to the "Heredity-Environment" Question.- VIII. Weismann and the Role of the Environment in Development.- IX. Preformation and Epigenesis: A Final Resolution of Opposing Views (1900).- X. Genetics, Eugenics, and Instinct: Origins and Early Influences until 1910.- XI. Mendelian Genetics, Eugenics, and Instincts: Implications for Neurobehavioral Development (1910-1920).- XII. The Anti-instinct Movement and the Issue of Heredity vs. Environment (1920-1940).- XIII. A. Gesell, Infant Development, and the Issue of Maturation vs. Learning: A New Twist to the Heredity-Environment Controversy.- XIV. Neuroembryology and the Embryonic Origins of Behavior.- XV. Conclusions and Summary.- XVI. Acknowledgments.- XVII. References.- 2 A Reformulation of the Idea of Maturation.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Maturation as a Dichotomous Concept.- A. Traditional Oppositions.- B. "Genetic Determination" and the Analytical Mode.- IV. Coaction in Ontogenesis.- A. The Genetic Code.- B. Species Typicality.- C. Developmental Systems: A Link between Phylogeny and Ontogeny.- V. Maturation as Species-Typical Developmental Systems.- VI. Conclusion.- VII. Acknowledgment.- VIII. References.- 3 Ontogeny: Toward A General Theoretical Framework for Ethology.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Background.- A. The Determinants of Behavior.- B. Requirements of an Ethological Framework.- IV. Framework for Ontogeny.- A. Analysis of Behavioral Control.- B. Analysis of Changes in Control.- C. Final Notes on the Framework.- V. Notes on the Remaining Framework for Ethology.- A. Perpetuation.- B. Phylogeny.- VI. Overview.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.- 4 Motivation: A New Perspective on Some old Ideas Frederick.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- A. Background.- B. Incentives and Motivation.- C. Incentives, Cognition, and Cognitive Factors.- III. Motivational Systems.- A. Introduction.- B. Elicitation of Ingestive Behavior.- C. Temperature-Regulating Behavior.- D. Conspecifics as Incentives.- IV. How Does Motivation Develop?.- A. Introduction.- B. Incentive Motivation.- C. Conspecifics and Incentives.- D. From Suckling to Independent Feeding.- V. Motivation, Learning, and Goal-Directed Activities.- VI. Competition.- VII. Foraging.- VIII. Conclusion.- IX. Acknowledgments.- X. References.- 5 Problems in Animal Perception and Learning and their Implications for Models of Imprinting.- I. Abstract.- II. The Internal Representation as an Explanation of Imprinting.- III. Recognition and the Organization of Behavior.- A. The Neurophysiology of Perception.- B. Perception and Behavioral Control.- C. The Context of Recognition in the Imprinted Bird.- IV. The Acquisition and Organization of a Representation.- A. The Cognitive Approach to Conditioning.- B. Conditioning and Spatial Representation.- C. The Representation of an Imprinted Object.- V. Conclusions.- VI. Acknowledgments.- VII. References.- 6 Ontogeny of Learning.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. The Comparative Analysis of Learning.- A. Traditional Psychological and Ethological Premises.- B. The Paradigm Crisis in Learning.- C. Taste-Aversion Learning and Autoshape Learning.- D. Taste-Aversion Learning: General or Unique Process?.- IV. The Psychological Analysis of Learning: Common Comparative and Ontogenetic Research Strategies.- A. Introduction.- B. Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Scales of Learning.- C. General Principle Analysis of Learning.- D. The Behavioral Process Analysis of Learning.- V. Associative Learning: Recent Formulations.- A. Introduction.- B. Cognitive View of Conditioning.- C. Autoshaping: Reevaluation of the Traditional Two-Factor Theory of Learning.- VI. The Ontogeny of Associative Learning.- A. Introduction.- B. Associative Learning during Development.- C. Nonassociative Influence on Learning.- D. Associative Learning Influences on Behavior.- VII. Conclusions.- VIII. Acknowledgments.- IX. References.- 7 Learning and Foraging Behavior.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Psychological Research on Animal Learning.- A. The Matching Law.- B. Learning Sets.- C. Taste-Aversion Learning.- D. Summary.- IV. Foraging Ecology and Learning.- A. Field Studies of Individual Foraging Behavior.- B. Optimal Foraging Theory.- V. Heterosis.- A. Contributions of Ecology to Psychology.- B. Paradigms, Phenomena, Processes, and Principles of Learning.- C. Contributions of Psychology to Ecology.- VI. Barriers to Interdisciplinary Progress.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.- 8 Evolutionary Issues in Development of Behavioral Flexibility.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. How Enrichment Affects Behavioral Capacities.- IV. Ecology and Evolution of Enrichment-Induced Plasticity.- V. Evidence.- A. Mammalian Hibernation and Winter Inactivity.- B. Population Quality and Dispersal.- VI. Suggestions for Research.- VII. Conclusions.- VIII. Acknowledgments.- IX. References.- 9 Intraspecific Variations in Mating Strategy.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Definitions.- IV. Alternative Mating Strategies.- V. Decision Processes in Strategy Choice.- VI. Proximate Factors.- A. The Biological Context.- B. Primary Variables.- C. Modifier Variables.- D. Extrinsic Variables.- E. Feedback Consequences of Strategy Choice.- VII. Ultimate (Evolutionary) Explanations.- A. Functional Explanations.- B. Genetic Determinism.- VIII. Conclusions.- IX. Acknowledgments.- X. References.- 10 Cooperation, Altruism, and Restraint in the Reproduction of Carnivores.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Family Canidae.- A. Red and Arctic Foxes.- B. Jackals.- C. Coyotes.- D. Wolves.- E. Dingo.- F. Dhole.- G. African Wild Dogs.- IV. Family Felidae.- A. Domestic Cats.- B. Lions.- V. Family Hyaenidae.- VI. Family Viverridae.- A. Dwarf Mongoose.- B. Banded Mongoose.- VII. Family Procyonidae.- VIII. Discussion.- IX. Acknowledgments.- X. References.- 11 Reproductive Value and Behavioral Strategies: Coming of Age in Monkeys And Horses.- I. Abstract.- II. Concept of Reproductive Value.- III. Case Studies.- A. Rhesus Monkeys.- B. Feral Horses.- IV. Discussion.- V. Summary.- VI. Acknowledgments.- VII. References.- 12 Changes with Age in the Strategy of Social Behavior.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Kin Selection.- IV. On Eligibility and Generosity.- A. Reproductive Value.- B. Age and Eligibility.- C. On Impressing One's Eligibility.- D. Generosity.- V. Altruism, Cooperation, and Competition.- VI. Matrix of Social Interactions.- VII. Appendix: Symbols Used in This Chapter.- VIII. Acknowledgments.- IX. References.

Volume

v. 6 ISBN 9780306418464

Description

When we began this series we wanted to encourage imaginative thinking among ethologists and those working in related fields. By the time we had reached Volume 3, we were advised by our publishers to give each volume a theme. Although we accepted the advice, it ran somewhat counter to our own wish to give our authors full rein. It also meant that we could not accept submitted manuscripts if they lay too far outside the topic for the next volume. We did, however, cheat a little, and faithful followers of the series will have noticed that some of the contributions were not exactly on the stated theme. Anyway, our publishers have now agreed that we can make honest people of ourselves by once again ac- cepting a broad range of manuscripts for any volume. We shall also solicit manuscripts on particular topics that seem to be timely and appropriate, and each volume will continue to have a subtitle that relates to the theme of the majority of the papers in the volume. We hope that with our more permissive policy now explicit, potential contributors will feel encouraged to submit manuscripts to either of us at the addresses given at the end of this Preface. When planning the present volume, we wanted our contributors to build bridges between studies of behavior and the neurosciences. In recent years, the majority of people working on behavior seem to have been exclusively concerned with functional and evolutionary approaches.

Table of Contents

1 The Science of Sentiment: The Problem of the Cerebral Localization of Emotion.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. The Limbic System.- IV. The Origins of the Limbic System.- V. The Uses of Localization and Hierarchy.- A. Philosophy.- B. Methodology.- C. Theory.- D. Ideology.- VI. Conclusion.- VII. References.- 2 On Central Controls for Aggression.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction and Discussion.- III. Acknowledgments.- IV. References.- 3 The Instrumental Effects of Emotional Behavior.- I. Abstract.- II. Activation.- III. Expectancy.- IV. Activation as a Self-Regulating Process.- V. Terms Based on the Expectancy Concept.- A. Coping.- B. Helplessness and Hopelessness.- C. Coping and Defense.- VI. Instrumental Effects of Emotional Responses.- VII. Behavioral Classifications of Threat-Induced Behavior Based on Instrumental Effects.- A. Defense (Strict Sense).- B. Offense.- C. Freezing.- D. Flight.- VIII. Conclusion.- IX. References.- 4 Behavioral Foundations of Adaptation.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Decisions and the Concept of Behavior Programs.- A. Behavior Programs.- B. Complex Behavior Patterns in Animals.- C. The Hierarchical Organization of Action.- IV. Distributed Process Control.- A. Distributed Control of Computing Machines.- B. Distributed Control of Biological Decision-Making.- C. The Degrees-of-Freedom Problem.- V. Adaptation in Distributed Decision-Making Systems.- A. Adaptation to the Status Quo.- B. Adaptation to Changes in the Status Quo.- VI. Concluding Remarks.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.- 5 Brain and Behavior: Hierarchy of Feedback Systems and Control of Input.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Powers' Concept: A Global View on the Cerebral Organization of Behavior.- A. Delineation of Basic Terminology: Key Points of Powers' Concept.- B. Cerebral Organization of Input Signals.- C. Cerebral Organization of Reference Signals.- D. Cerebral Organization of Output Signals.- IV. Behavioral Consequences of Changes in the Cerebral Organization.- A. Initiation, Maintenance, and Termination of Behavioral Programs.- B. Repetition of a Particular Behavioral Program.- C. Abrupt Interruption of Behavioral Programs.- V. Delineation of Rules of Order in the Cerebral Organization of Behavior.- VI. Delineation of Brain Processes Directing Rules of Order in the Cerebral Organization of Behavior.- A. How to Specify the Hierarchical Level of a Brain Entity: An Illustration.- B. How to Specify Signals Carried by a Brain Entity: An Illustration.- C. Neostriatum: System for Programming Arbitrarily the Ordering and Sequencing of Behavioral States.- D. Behavioral Consequences of Increasing the Magnitude of Reference Signals of the Striatal System: Apomorphine.- VII. How to Specify the Transformation of Behavioral Program Signals: Illustration of a Single Step Downstream in the Hierarchy.- A. Substantia Nigra, Pars Reticulata: Picrotoxin-Induced Effects.- B. Substantia Nigra, Pars Reticulata: Muscimol-Induced Effects.- VIII. How to Specify the Transformation of Behavioral Program Signals: Illustration of a Second Step Downstream in the Hierarchy.- A. Colliculus Superior, Deeper Layers: Muscimol-Induced Effects.- B. Colliculus Superior, Deeper Layers: Picrotoxin-Induced Effects.- IX. Transformation of Behavioral Program Signals into Behavioral Commands.- A. Dysfunctioning Striatal Programming Signals and Limited Degree of Behavioral Deficits.- B. Transformation of Striatal Program Signals into Behavioral Commands.- X. Epilogue.- XI. Postscript and Acknowledgments.- XII. References.- 6 Environmental Influences on Early Development: A Comparison of Imprinting and Cortical Plasticity.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Introduction to Paradigms.- A. Characteristics of Imprinting.- B. Plasticity of the Visual Cortex of the Cat.- IV. Comparison of the Two Paradigms.- A. The Time Course of Sensitive Periods.- B. Irreversible Storage of Information.- C. Canalization of the Acquisition of External Stimuli by Genetic Influences.- D. Hebb's Postulate on Learning as a Description of Plasticity Phenomena and the Influence of Selective Attention, Motivation, and Arousal.- V. Some Experiments Concerning the Morphological and Biochemical Correlates of Imprinting and Cortical Plasticity.- A. Cortical Plasticity.- B. Imprinting.- VI. Imprinting and Cortical Plasticity: Two Expressions of a Common Developmental Process?.- A. Specification of Neural and Behavioral Reactions.- B. The Temporal Course of Sensitive Periods.- C. Learning in Adult Animals.- D. Significance of Sensitive Periods and Imprinting for Adult Behavior.- VII. Conclusions.- VIII. Acknowledgments.- IX. References.- 7 The Temporal Structure of Memory Formation.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Bead Pecking Tasks Used in the Chick.- IV. A Comparison of Memory Formation in Mammals and in Chick.- V. Temporary Amnesias and Separate Routes of Memory Formation.- VI. The Route to Long-Term Memory: Events at the + 25-min Transition.- VII. Retrieval Mechanisms and Memory Formation.- VIII. Modes of Analysis of Information.- IX. Problems for the Future.- A. Establishment of Route to LTM.- B. The Division of ITM at +25 Min.- C. Shift of Retrieval to LTM.- X. References.- 8 Mrs. Harvey's Parrot and Some Problems of Socioendocrine Response.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Socially Induced Ovulation: Early Studies.- IV. Recent Approaches.- V. The Female as Active Participant in Her Ovulatory Response.- A. Selection and Retention of the Male Mate.- B. Female Induction of Coordinated Responses from the Male.- C. Self-Feedback from Female Courtship Behavior.- VI. Implications of the Self-Feedback Hypothesis.- A. Why Males Attack Sexually Aroused Females.- B. Mrs. Harvey's Parrot and the Mystery of the Misfired Egg.- VII. Summary and Conclusions.- VIII. Acknowledgment.- IX. References.- 9 Temporally Patterned Chemical communication: Is it Feasible?.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Sex Attraction and Courtship.- IV. Production of Temporally Patterned Chemical Signals.- V. The Transmission Medium.- A. Mathematical Models.- B. Empirical Measurements.- VI. Properties of the Receiver.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.

Volume

v. 7 ISBN 9780306424298

Description

This volume is subtitled "Alternatives" because we wanted to devote at least a part of it to the alternative ways in which members of the same species behave in a given situation. Not so very long ago the supposition among many ethologists was that if one animal behaved in a particular way, then all other members of the same age and sex would do the same. Any differences in the ethogram between individuals were to be attributed to "normal biological variation. " Such thinking is less common nowadays after the discovery of dramatic differences between members of the same species which are of the same age and sex. Alternative modes of behavior, though now familiar, raise particularly interesting questions about current function, evolutionary history, and mechanism. Do the differences rep- resent equally satisfactory solutions to a given problem? Are some of the solutions the best that those animals can do, given their body size and general condition? Is an alternative solution adopted because so many other individuals have taken the first? If so, do the frequencies reached at equilibrium depend on differential survival of genetically distinct types or do they result from decisions taken by individual animals? If the alternatives are induced during development, as are the castes of social insects, what is required for such triggering? The questions about alternative ways of behaving are addressed in some of the chapters in this volume.

Table of Contents

1 Pattern and Adaptation in Individual Behavioral Differences.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Semantic Issues.- IV. The Occurrence and Form of Individuality.- A. Social Behavior.- B. Foraging Behavior.- C. Advantages and Disadvantages of Being Different.- V. Adaptation and the Process of Differentiation.- A. Introduction.- B. Stages and Shifting Characteristics.- C. Covert Differences and Threshold Effects.- VI. Acknowledgments.- VII. References.- 2 Alternative Reproductive Tactics in Birds: Individual Variation in Clutch Size.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- A. Individual Variation in Clutch Size.- B. Clutch Size: Proximal Influences.- III. Hypotheses to Account for Clutch Size Variation.- IV. Evaluation of the Evidence.- A. The Individual Optimization Hypothesis.- B. The Tradeoff Hypothesis.- C. The Fluctuating Selection Pressures Hypothesis.- V. Conclusions Regarding the Three Hypotheses.- VI. Discussion.- A. Why Should Selection Pressures Fluctuate?.- B. Implications: Life in a Fluctuating Environment.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.- 3 Critique of Helping Behavior in Birds: A Departure from Functional Explanations.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Criticisms and Alternatives.- A. How Is Helping Behavior Perceived?.- B. Control of Provisioning Behavior.- C. In What Contexts Is Provisioning Behavior Observed?.- D. Provisioning Behavior in Communal Breeders.- E. Development and Evolution of Communal Breeding.- F. How Is Provisioning Behavior Maintained in Communal Breeders?.- IV. Discussion.- V. Acknowledgments.- VI. References.- 4 On the Evolution of Density-Regulating Behavior.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- A. The Controversy over Group Selection.- B. Individual Selection and Individual Preferences.- III. The Haystack Model.- IV. Breeding Site Limitation.- V. Habitat Selection in the Nonbreeding Season.- A. Random Assignment.- B. Ideal Avoidance.- C. Ideal Assessment.- D. Ideal Dominance.- E. The Assessment Dominance Distribution (ADD).- VI. Population Dynamics.- A. Density Dependence in Two Seasons.- B. Nest Site Selection and Geographic Range.- VII. Discussion of Model Assumptions.- VIII. Wynne Edwards Theory Reconsidered.- IX. Acknowledgment.- X. References.- 5 The Evolutionary Dynamics of Mixed Mating Systems: On the Adaptive Value of Selfing and Biparental Inbreeding.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Determination of the Adaptive Value of Selfing.- A. Response of Characters Correlated with Selection.- B. Modification to Accommodate the Evolution of Transmission.- C. Inbreeding Depression and Reproductive Mode of Origin As Determinants of Tradeoffs in Offspring Number.- D. The Effect of Uniparental and Biparental Inbreeding on the Selective Advantage of Selfing.- IV. Three Regular Systems of Biparental Inbreeding.- A. Regular Systems of Inbreeding.- B. The Effect of Prior Inbreeding on the Condition Permitting the Increase of Selfing under Negligible Inbreeding Depression.- C. The Effect of Biparental Inbreeding on the Adaptive Value of Selfing in the Presence of Significant Inbreeding Depression.- D. A Summary of the Qualitative Effects of Biparental Inbreeding on the Evolution of Selfing.- V. Discussion.- A. Toward a Predictive Theory of Mating System Dynamics.- B. Genetic Variation in Reproductive Mode.- C. The Resemblance between Parents and Their Offspring.- D. Empirical Estimates of Tradeoffs in Offspring Number.- E. Long-Term and Short-Term Effects of Selfing on Progeny Variance.- F. The Effect of Selfing on Male Success.- G. Implications of Biparental Inbreeding for the Adaptive Value of Selfing.- H. Consequences of Environmentally Imposed Shifts in the Breeding System.- I. Summary.- VI. Appendix A.- VII. Appendix B.- VIII. Appendix C.- IX. Acknowledgments.- X. References.- 6 The Experience of Experience: An Exogenetic Program for Social Competence.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction: The Bird of Paradox.- III. Methods of Inquiry: Functional Metrics of Communication.- IV. Male Inheritance: An Embarassment of Riches?.- V. Female Cowbirds: Like Mother, Like Daughter.- VI. Male Modifiability: Behind Closed Doors.- VII. The Female: A Connoisseur of Fine Song.- VIII. Population Comparisons: The Perspective from the Prairie.- IX. General Perspectives: Exogenetic Programs for Development.- X. A Final Perspective: The Cowbird's Place in Nature's Gallery.- XI. Acknowledgments.- XII. References.- 7 A Comparative-Developmental Approach to Understanding Imitation.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Baldwin, Morgan, Guillaume, and Piaget on Imitation.- A. James Mark Baldwin.- B. Conwy Lloyd Morgan.- C. Paul Guillaume.- D. Jean Piaget.- E. Similarities and Differences.- IV. The Definition of "Imitation".- V. The Levels of Imitation.- A. First-Level Imitation.- B. Second-Level Imitation.- C. Third-Level Imitation.- D. Fourth-Level Imitation.- E. Fifth-Level Imitation.- F. Clarifications.- VI. Conclusion.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.- 8 The Dynamics of Group Behavior.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- A. What Is Group Behavior?.- B. Why Study Group Behavior?.- III. Investigating Group Behavior: An Example of the Approach.- A. The Daily Round As a Unit of Group Behavior.- B. The Individual in Group Context.- C. Dynamics of Group Behavior.- IV. Extending the Approach.- V. Acknowledgments.- VI. References.- 9 Artificial Design in Natural History: Why it's so Easy to Understand Animal Behavior.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction: The Design Argument in Natural Theology.- III. Natural Selection As a Designer.- IV. Artificial Design: Synthesis and Analysis.- V. Apparent Design in Behavior: Optimal Foraging Theory.- VI. Conclusion.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.- 10 The Misappropriation of Teleonomy.- I. Abstract.- II. Introduction.- III. Teleonomy As an Antidote to Circular Reasoning.- IV. Psychology and the Concept of Objective Teleology.- A. Tolman's Purposive Behaviorism.- B. Hofstadter's Objective Teleology.- V. Biological Interpreters of Teleonomy.- A. Huxley and the Openbill's Open Bill.- B. Mayr and Determination by a Program.- C. George Williams's Natural Selection and Adaptation.- D. Curio's Teleonomic Methodology.- E. Pittendrigh, Reprise.- F. Conclusion: The Biological Interpreters.- VI. The Appropriate Use for "Teleonomy".- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.

Volume

v. 8 ISBN 9780306429484

Description

Nine chapters on diverse topics that include: an analysis of whether sociobiology has killed ethology or revitalized it; aims, limitations, and the future of ethology and comparative ethology; the tyranny of anthropocentrism; psychoimmunology; gender differences in behavior; behavioral development.

by "Nielsen BookData"

Details

• NCID: BA00609764
• ISBN:
  • 0306366010
  • 0306366029
  • 0306366037
  • 0306405113
  • 030641063X
  • 0306418460
  • 0306424290
  • 0306429489
• LCCN: 73079427
• Country Code: us
• Title Language Code: eng
• Text Language Code: eng
• Place of Publication: New York
• Pages/Volumes: v.
• Size: 24 cm
• Classification:
  • LCC : QL751
  • DC19 : 591.5/1
• Subject Headings:
  • LCSH : Animal behavior -- Collected works