- Volume
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57 : gw ISBN 9783540056393
Description
Phenomena as diverse as tuberculin sensitivity, delayed sensitivity to soluble proteins other than tuberculin, contact allergy, homograft rejection, experimental autoallergies, and the response to many microorganisms, have been classified as members of the class of immune reactions known as delayed or cellular hypersensitivity. Similarities in time course, histology, and absence of detectable circulating immunoglobulins characterize these cell-mediated immune reactions in vivo. The state of delayed or cellular hypersensitivity can be transferred from one animal to another by means of sensitized living lymphoid cells (CHASE, 1945; LANDSTEINER and CHASE, 1942; MITCHISON, 1954). The responsible cell has been described by GOWANS (1965) as a small lymphocyte. Passive transfer has also been achieved in the human with extracts of sensitized cells (LAWRENCE, 1959). The in vivo characteristic of delayed hypersensitivity from which the class derives its name is the delayed skin reaction. When an antigen is injected intradermally into a previously immunized animal, the typical delayed reaction begins to appear after 4 hours, reaches a peak at 24 hours, and fades after 48 hours.
It is grossly characterized by induration, erythyma, and occasionally necrosis. The histology of the delayed reaction has been studied by numerous investigators (COHEN et al. , 1967; GELL and HINDE, 1951; KOSUNEN, 1966; KOSUNEN et al. , 1963; MCCLUSKEY et al. , 1963; WAKSMAN, 1960; WAKSMAN, 1962). Initially dilatation of the capillaries with exudation of fluid and cells occurs.
Table of Contents
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis. With 19 Figures.- DNA Replication in Bacteria. With 6 Figures.- Approaches to the Quantitative Analysis of Delayed Hypersensitivity.- The Genus Yersinia: Biochemistry and Genetics of Virulence. With 3 Figures.- Host Genotype and Antibody Formation. With 16 Figures.- Author Index.
- Volume
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59 : gw ISBN 9783540059431
Description
Influenza continues to be one of the major epidemic diseases of man and is, in fact, his only remaining pandemic disease (BEVERIDGE, 1969). This is largely because influenza virus undergoes extreme antigenic variation, the mechanism of which is still poorly understood. Two kinds of antigenic variation occur in influenza viruses, antigenic drift and major antigenic shifts; both involve chan- ges in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens on the surface of the virus. Antigenic drift, which involves gradual changes in the surface antigens of influenza virus, is thought to result from the selection by an immune popula- tion of mutant virus particles with altered antigenic determinants. These mutants therefore possess a growth advantage in the presence of antibody (FRAN- CIS and MAASSAB, 1965; ARCHETTI and HORSFALL, 1950; HAMRE et aI., 1958). It has been shown that antigenic mutants isolated in vitro by selection with antibody have changes in amino acid sequence in the polypeptides of the hem- agglutinin subunits (LAVER and WEBSTER, 1968) and it is likely that antigenic drift in the neuraminidase occurs by the same mechanism.
Table of Contents
Paramyxovirus Replication.- Viral and Bacterial Neuraminidases.- On the Origin of Pandemic Influenza Viruses.- Physiological and Genetic Studies of Polyoma Virus.- Antigen Recognition by B and T Lymphocytes.- Genetic Control of Immune Responses.- Author Index.
- Volume
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60 : gw ISBN 9783540060635
Table of Contents
The Role of Iron in Bacterial Infections, with Special Consideration of Host-Tubercle Bacillus Interaction. With 4 Figures.- Antibodies to Receptors Recognizing Histocompatibility Antigens.- Genetics of the F Sex Factor in Enterobacteriaceae. With 6 Figures.- Antigenic Competition. With 6 Figures.- Author Index.
- Volume
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61 : gw ISBN 9783540061205
Description
At the end of the last century and the beginning of this century, the prob- lems of immunity in lower vertebrates and the influence of environmental temperature attracted attention for the first time (ERNST, 1890; WIDAL and SICARD, 1897; METCHNIKOFF, 1901). However, relatively little work has been done on this subject until recently. The early investigators were chiefly in- terested in the immuno-pathological problems. They immunized various species of lower vertebrates essentially with bacterial vaccines; agglutinating, neutralizing and protective antibodies were detected in their blood. The in- fluence of environmental temperature on the immune response was investigated, since this subject represented great economical and theoretical importance. Epizootic diseases were observed to occur in relation to the cold season of the year, when the decrease or spontaneous increase of water temperature occurred (SCHAPERCLAUS, 1965; BESSE et al. , 1965; KLONTZ et al. , 1965 WOOD,1966). The immunological deficiency of fish, caused by their natural or experimental stay in cold water, is now evident for both humoral and cellular immunity.
In this review we will focus on two points: We shall attempt (1) to explain the mechanism by which the environmental temperature influences the immune resistance of fish to pathogens, (2) to determine the chronological location of this temperature-sensitive stage in the process of antibody formation, and to make some approaches to the general antibody formation mechanism.
Table of Contents
Influence of Environmental Temperature on the Immune Response in Fish..- Ontogeny of the Immune Response in Cold-Blooded Vertebrates.- DNA Base Composition in Mycoplasma, Bacteria and Yeast..- The Biological Significance of Tumor-Bound Immunoglobulins.- Author Index.
- Volume
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v. 68 ISBN 9783540065982
Description
General aspects of nucleic acid uptake by mammalian cells have been the subject of several reviews during the last few years (PAGANO, 1970; BHARGAVA and SHANMUGAM, 1971; DUBES, 1971; RYSER, 1967). These reviews covered methods used for the infection of cells by viral nucleic acids as well as interaction of mammalian cells with non-viral nucleic acids. This article is restricted to a discussion of experiments with poliovirus RNA and focuses special attention on the steps following the uptake of RNA into a cell, aspects that were not discussed in earlier review articles. The fate of input RNA once inside the cell is determined by the host cell but experimental conditions can be chosen to favor the survival of input RNA and the induction of a virus growth cycle by interfering with host-cell meta- bolism through events that, in the case of infection with intact virus, might be controlled by viral proteins.
Table of Contents
Immunological Recognition of Polynucleotide Structure.- Present Knowledge and Aspects of Citrobacter.- Transfection in B. Subtilis.- Interaction of Poliovirus-Specific RNAs with HeLa Cells and E. coli.- Author Index.
- Volume
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63 : gw ISBN 9783540065999
Description
This volume is dedicated to the memory of the late Professor WERNER BRAUN, one of the most devoted and active members of the Editorial Board of the Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, who passed away, after suffering a heart attack, in November 1972. Dr. WERNER BRAUN was born in Berlin, Germany, on November 16,1914. During his highschool days in Berlin he did research work on problems of genetics as a young guest in the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fur Biologie, in the department of Prof. R. GOLDSCHMIDT. I remember his colourful description of his discussions during this period, while still a teen-ager, with OTTO WAR- BURG. He studied biology and medicine at the University of G6ttingen and received a Ph.D. degree in biology in 1936. In the same year he left Nazi Germany and came to the United States first as a Guest Investigator in Genetics at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and then in Berkeley, where he carried out his work in the Depart- ments of Zoology and of Veterinary Science until 1948. He was engaged during this period in the study of problems concerned with physiological genetics, bacterial variation, immunology and biochemistry.
Table of Contents
Influenza Viral Proteins: Identification and Synthesis.- Immunology and the Melanomas.- Coronaviruses: A Comparative Review.- Altered Quantitative Expression of Immunoglobulin Allotypes in Rabbits.- The SV40 "Si" Antigen and other Papovavirus-Induced Surface Antigens.- Author Index.
- Volume
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v. 73 ISBN 9783540075936
Table of Contents
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus: Structure and Function of Virion Components.- Integration of DNA Tumor Virus Genomes.- The Replication of Papovavirus and Adenovirus DNA.- In vitro Translation of Adenovirus Messenger RNA.- RNA Tumor Viruses and Human Cancer.
- Volume
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v. 74 ISBN 9783540076575
Table of Contents
The Chemical and Immunochemical Identity of Amyloid.- The ? Repressor and its Action.- Molecular Aspects of DNA Replication in Escherichia coli Systems.- Teichoic Acids.- Adenovirus Transcription.- Indexed in ISR.
- Volume
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v. 75 ISBN 9783540080138
Description
Expression of an immune response is the net result of complex synergis- tic and antagonistic activities performed by a variety of cell types. It includes macrophages, T and B populations which may interact in performance of a response, and suppressor cells interfering with it. Accordingly, a lack of res- ponse may not necessarily indicate absence of immunocompetent cells, but rather nonexpression of competence. Thus, one should consider two possible situations, which are by no means mutually exclusive, to account for immuno- logic unresponsiveness: (a) one or more of the cell populations composing the synergistic unit is absent or immature, and (b) an antagonistic unit which interferes with the response is dominating. In view of this, an approach to development of immune reactivity necessitates parallel surveys of development of cells with the potential to perform, as well as of cells which can suppress the response. Classification of the various cell types has been based so far on their phenotypic properties (e. g. , membrane antigen markers, cell receptors, pro- duction and secretion of immunoglobulins, etc. ).
Genotypically, T and B cells may represent either separate, independent cell lines, or different stages of development within the same cell lineage.
Table of Contents
In vitro Approach to Development to Immune Reactivity.- Blocking and Unblocking Serum Factors in Neoplasia.- Bacteriophage T7 Genetics.- IS-Elements in Microorganisms.- Structure and Molecular Biology of Rabies Virus.- Cumulative Author and Subject Index Volumes 40-75.- Indexed in I SR.
- Volume
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v. 76 ISBN 9783540082385
Description
Immunoglobulin gene expression appears to include a number of unique features (Cohn, 1971; Gaily and Edelman, 1972; Hood et aI. , 1975). First, a variety of genetic and protein structural evidence suggests that two discrete genes - both a variable region gene and a constant region gene - specify each heavy chain and each light chain. This constitutes the twogene-one polypeptide hypothesis. Second, a single differentiated lymphocyte or plasma cell appears to express only one heavy chain allele and one light chain allele at a time. This is the only example of allelic exclusion known in mammalian cells except for X chromosome inactivation. Third, during the course of lymphocyte differentiation, there may be a switch of the heavy chain constant region gene expression but no change in the heavy chain variable region gene expression. Rarely, normal or malignant cells have been found which express two different heavy chain subclasses simul- taneously (e. g. see Sledge et aI. , 1976). Fourth, the vast number of different antibodies which can be made by an individual animal has raised the question of whether the generation of diversity occurs during evolution or within the animal, i. e. germ line vs somatic variation.
Other aspects of immunoglobulin gene ex- pression may be similar to regulation of gene expression in many eukaryotic cells.
Table of Contents
Synthesis of Immunoglobulin in Myeloma Cells.- Enucleation as a Technique in the Study of Virus-Host Interactions.- The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis-Initiation, Elongation and Termination in Translation of Genetic Messages.- Group B Streptococci in the Human Population.- Chlamydiales: Properties, Cycle of Development and Effect on Eukaryotic Host Cells.- Indexed in ISR.
- Volume
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v. 77 ISBN 9783540084013
Table of Contents
Proteolytic Processing of Animal Virus Proteins.- Heterophile Antigens and Antibodies in Medicine.- Relation of Herpes Simplex Viruses to Human Malignancies.- Enzymology of Carbohydrate Transport in Bacteria.- The Eosinophil and its Role in Immunity to Helminth Infection.- Indexed in ISR.
- Volume
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v. 78 ISBN 9783540084990
Table of Contents
Human Papillomaviruses and Their Possible Role in Squamous Cell Carcinomas.- Antigen-Receptor Interactions in the Induction of B-Lymphocyte Unresponsiveness.- Structure and Assembly of Bacteriophage Lambda.- Perinatally Acquired Viral Infections.- Gene Cloning with Small Plasmids.- Integration and Excision of Bacteriophage ?.- DNA Replication -Bacteriophage Lambda.- Structure and Function of the Genome of Viruses Containing Single-Stranded RNA as Genetic Material: The Concept of Transcription and Translation Helices and the Classification of these Viruses into Six Groups.- Indexed in ISR.
- Volume
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v. 79 ISBN 9783540085874
Table of Contents
Expression of RNA Tumor Viruses at Translation and Transcription Levels.- Progress in Studies on the Etiology and Serologic Diagnosis of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis.- Oligonucleotide Fingerprinting With RNA Tumor Virus RNA.- Xenotropic Type C Viruses.- Type C Viruses of Wild Mice: Characterization and Natural History of Amphotropic, Ecotropic, and Xenotropic MuLV.- Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of Avian RNA Tumor Viruses: A Review.- The Mechanism for Genetic Recombination in the Avian Retroviruses.- Indexed in ISR.
- Volume
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v. 80 : gw ISBN 9783540087816
Table of Contents
Role of Iron in Bacterial Infection.- Effective and Ineffective Immune Responses to Parasites: Evidence from Experimental Models.- In Vitro and in Vivo Investigations on Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity.- Prospects for Immunisation Against Malaria.- The Genome of the Influenza Virus.- Indexed in ISR.
- Volume
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v. 82 ISBN 9783540089810
Table of Contents
Anti-Actin Antibodies.- Structure and Replication of ?-Viruses.- Initiation of DNA Synthesis by RNA.- Speculations on the Role of Major Transplantation Antigens in Cell-Mediated Immunity Against Intracellular Parasites.
- Volume
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v. 83 ISBN 9783540090342
Description
Bacterial plasmids are circular double-stranded DNA molecules that are physi- cally separate from the bacterial chromosome. They are replicated and stably inherited in the extrachromosomal (autonomous) state. The plasmids of entero- bacteria can be divided into two distinct groups according to their size: (i) small plasmids with MW of less than 10 Mdal, and (ii) large plasmids with MW ranging from 50-100 Mdal. These two groups differ strikingly in their copy numbers per cell (multiplicity). Whereas most small plasmids are multicopy plasmids (20-100 copies per cell), large plasmids are normally present at a multiplicity similar to the number of chromosomal genome equivalents (oligo- copy plasmids). Furthermore, large plasmids can promote the transfer of DNA by conjugation and are therefore classified as conjugative plasmids. Since this property depends on the presence of the tra operon, a 15-20 Mdal segment of DNA (Helmuth and Achtman, 1975), small plasmids are necessarily nonconju- gative. Because of their inability to mediate DNA transfer, small plasmids have often been designated as "nontransmissible.
" This is clearly a misnomer since nonconjugative plasmids can in general be mobilized for conjugal transfer by a conjugative plasmid present in the same cell. Plasmids can further be classified with respect to their ability to continue replication in the absence of de novo protein synthesis (stable replication).
Table of Contents
Inheritance and Expression of Chicken Genes That Are Related to Avian Leukosis Sarcoma Virus Genes.- RNA Polymerase of Escherichia coli.- Structure and Replication of the Colicin El Plasmid.- Indexed in Current Contents.
- Volume
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v. 85 ISBN 9783540094104
Description
The study of the genetic regulation of immune response to natural multidetermi- nant immunogens was undertaken by the method of bidirectional selective breed- ing of High or Low antibody responder lines of mice. Five Selections are described: Selection I, carried out for agglutinin responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes and pigeon erythrocytes alternated in each generation. Selection II, carried out for agglutinin responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes repeated in each generation. Selection III and Selection IV performed respectively for agglutinin response to flagellar or somatic antigens of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella oranienburg alternated in each generation. Selection V, performed for passive agglutinin response to bovine serum albumin and rabbit gamma globulin alternated in each generation. In each Selection the character investigated is polygenic. High and Low responder lines diverge progressively during the selective breeding. The maximal interline separation (selection limit) is reached in the 7th-16th generations. High and Low responder lines at selection limit are considered homozygous for the character submitted to se~ection.
Their variance is therefore only due to environ- mental effects. The difference in agglutinin titre between High and Low lines is 220-fold in Selection I, 103-fold in Selection II, 90-fold in Selection III, 85-fold in Selection IV and 275-fold in Selection V. The partition of genetic and environmental variances in the foundation popu- lations of the five Selections is established. The proportion of genetic variance is 60% in Selection I; 49% in Selection II; 51% in Selection III; 47% in Selection IV and 76% in Selection V.
Table of Contents
Fuchs, S. : Immunology of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor.- Biozzi, G. et al.: Genetics of Immuneresponsiveness to Natural Antigens in the Mouse.- Mayer, H., Schmidt, G.: Chemistry and Biology of the Enterobacterial Common Antigen.- Cumulative Author and Subject Index Volumes 40-85.
- Volume
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v. 88 ISBN 9783540094159
Table of Contents
Rhizobium lupini Genetics.- Cytophilic Antibodies.- Immunological Approaches to Chromatin and Chromosome Structure and Function.- Indexed in Current Contents.
- Volume
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v. 86 ISBN 9783540094326
Description
1.1 Classification of Togaviruses The family, Togaviridae, is composed of the alphaviruses, the flaviviruses, rubella (a rubivirus), and the pestiviruses (Fenner, 1976). Of these four genera, two (the alpha- and flaviviruses) are transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods, specif- ically mosquitoes and ticks. Among the togaviruses, extensive studies of defective interfering (DI) particles have so far been carried out only with Sindbis virus (SV) and Semliki Forest virus (SFV), both members of the alphavirus genus. Since these viruses are so similar, in most cases it will be assumed that what is true of one is also true of the other. 1.2
Definition of Defective Interfering (DI) Particles Defective interfering viral particles, as defined by Huang (1973), have the follow- ing properties: (1) they are deletion mutants and therefore lack large amounts of the genetic material present in the standard virus; (2) they contain the same viral structural proteins as standard virus; (3) they are unable to replicate alone; however, they are replicated in cells co-infected with standard virions; and (4) at the same time as they require standard virus to replicate, they inhibit the replication of standard virus and hence are interfering.
Table of Contents
Genetic Potential of Bunyaviruses.- Defective Interfering Particles of Togaviruses.- The Fv-1 Gene of the Mouse and its Control of Murine Leukemia Virus Replication.- Defective Interfering Particles of Rhabdoviruses.- Indexed in Current Contents.
- Volume
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v. 87 ISBN 9783540094333
Table of Contents
Simian Virus 40 and Polyoma Virus Gene Expression Explored by the Microinjection Technique..- DNA Intermediates of Avian RNA Tumor Viruses..- Organization and Transcription of the Simian Virus 40 Genome..
- Volume
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v. 90 : gw ISBN 9783540101819
Table of Contents
Genetic Analysis of the lac Repressor.- Cotranslational and Posttranslational Processing of Viral Glycoproteins.- Immunity and Repression in Bacteriophages P1 and P7.- Immunochemistry of Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoproteins.- Infectious Bursal Disease Virus.- Circadian Rhythms in Unicellular Organisms.- Indexed in Current Contents.
- Volume
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v. 91 : gw ISBN 9783540107224
Description
Several discoveries are noteworthy for allowing us to probe the recesses of the virus- infected cell and to search for cryptic viral genomes which might provide clues in our studies of cancer etiology or developmental biology. One of the most notable was the dis- covery of reverse transcriptase. This marked a momentous occasion in the history of molecular biology. Not only did it provide insight into the mechanism of persistence of retroviruses but it also provided us with an enzyme that could synthesize a DNA copy of any RNA. This DNA copy could then be used as a hybridization reagent to search for both complementary DNA and viral-specific RNA. Thus one could follow the course of any viral infection or probe in tumor cells for hidden viral genomes. Second, a great deal of credit must be given to the geneticists who isolated the various deletion mutants in the 'avian retrovirus system and thus provided us with the frrst means of isolating gene-spe- cific probes. Finally, the laboratories which have mapped the genome have provided us with the framework in which to ask very specific questions with our gene-specific probes.
Recently, numerous excellent reviews concerning various aspects of the retroviruses have appeared. In this review I shall not even attempt to present a comprehensive review of retroviruses.
Table of Contents
Genetics of Reovirus.- The Transforming Protein of Avian Sarcoma Viruses and Its Homologue in Normal Cells.- Gene-Specific Probes for Avian Retroviruses.- Replication of Herpesvirus DNA.- The Obese Strain (OS) of Chickens With Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis: Review of Recent Data.- Nucleic Acid Independent Synthesis of Peptides.- The T-Cell Receptor Problem.- Retroviral Gene Expression.
- Volume
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v. 94-95 : gw ISBN 9783540108030
Table of Contents
Structure of the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin.- Humoral Immunity in Cecropia Pupae.- Replication Signals in Prokaryotic DNA.- Differentiation and Viral Involvement in Differentiation of Transformed Mouse and Rat Erythroid Cells.- Electron Microscopy of Viral RNA.- Genetic Alteration in Animal Cells in Culture.- Indexed in Current Contents.
- Volume
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v. 97 : gw ISBN 9783540111184
Description
Many of the fundamental concepts of animal virology originated from the study of the variola-cowpox-vaccinia virus system with vaccinia virus serving as the type species (Fen- nerand Burnet 1957; Burnet 1959; Fenner 1976a, b). The importance of the Poxviridae(Fen- ner 1979) for the study of viruses as biologic entities and in defIning the events which occur in virus-infected cells are exemplifIed by investigations which: (a) described the epidemiology of a virus disease in an animal population (Fenner1949, 1959b); (b) em- ployed electron microscopy to study virion structure (Peters 1956, Nagington and Home 1962, Dales and Siminovitch 1961) and to derme the morphologic stages of virion develop- ment in infected cells (Morgan et al. 1954, Dales 1963); (c) dermed and elaborated on the mechanism of nongenetic reactivation for an animal virus (Joklik et al. 1960a, Fenner and Woodroofe 1960, Hanafusa 1960); (d) described the intracellular uncoating of a viral genome (Joklik 1964a, b); (e) studied the antigenic structure and complexity of poxvirions (Loh and Riggs 1961, Woodroofe and Fenner 1962, Appleyard et al.
1964, Appleyard and Westwood 1964); (1) described the use of chemotherapy to treat viral infec- tions (Bauer et al. 1963); (g) fIrst demonstrated the presence of virion-coded enzymes encapsulated within virions (Kates and McAuslan 1967, Munyon et al. 1967); and (h) established the H -2 restriction of cytotoxic T-cell killing of virus-infected cells in the murine system (Doherty et al. 1976).
Table of Contents
The Structure and Replication of Rhinoviruses.- Poxvirus DNA.- Structure, Assembly, and Function of Ribosomes.- Regulation of Adenovirus Gene Expression.- Indexed in Current Contents.
- Volume
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v. 99 ISBN 9783540114192
Table of Contents
Table of Contens.- Structure and Assembly of Alphaviruses.- Fine Specificity of Auto- and Alloreactive Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes: Heteroclitic Cross-reactions Between Mutant and Original H-2 Antigens.- Plant Cell Cultures and Protoplasts in Plant Virus Research.- The Structure and Replication of Coronaviruses.- The Biology and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses.- Indexed in Current Contens.
- Volume
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v. 105 : gw ISBN 9783540124924
Table of Contents
Replication Strategies of the Single Stranded RNA Viruses of Eukaryotes.- Hepadna Viruses: Hepatitis B and Related Viruses.- Rotaviruses: A Review.- Indexed in Current Contents.
- Volume
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v. 128 : gw ISBN 9783540166214
Table of Contents
The Immune Response to Influenza Infection. With 2 Figures.- Defective Interfering Viruses and Infections of Animals. With 1 Figure.- The Regulation of Lymphocyte Traffic. With 9 Figures.
by "Nielsen BookData"
