Advances in soil science

著者

• Stewart, B. A. (Bobby Alton)

書誌事項

Advances in soil science

edited by B.A. Stewart ; with contributions by D.W. Anderson ... [et al.]

Springer-Verlag, 1985-

• v. 1
• v. 2
• v. 3
• v. 4
• v. 5
• v. 6
• v. 7
• v. 8
• v. 9
• v. 10
• v. 10 : Berlin
• v. 11
• v. 12
• v. 13
• v. 14
• v. 15
• v. 16
• v. 17
• v. 18(us)
• v. 18(gw)
• v. 19
• v. 20 : Berlin
• v. 20 : New York

注記

See also: vol.11:BA08057151, vol.13:BA10466164

内容説明・目次

巻冊次

v. 1 ISBN 9780387960272

内容説明

The world population in 1930 was 2 billion. It reached 3 billion in 1960, stands at 4. 6 billion today, and is expected to reach 6 billion by the end of the century. The food and fiber needs of such a rapidly increasing population are enormous. One of the most basic resources, perhaps the most basic of all, for meeting these needs is the soil. There is an urgent need to improve and protect this resource on which the future of mankind directly depends. We must not only learn how to use the soil to furnish our immediate needs, but also ensure that the ability of the soil to sustain food production in the future is unimpaired. This is indeed a mammoth task; a 1977 United Nations survey reported that almost one-fifth of the world's cropland is now being steadily degraded. This volume is the first of a new series entitled Advances in Soil Science. The diversity of soil makes it necessary for research to be conducted in many locations. There are basic principles, however, that are universal. This new series will present clear and concise reviews in all areas of soil science for everyone interested in this basic resource and man's influence on it. The purpose of the series is to provide a forum for leading scientists to analyze and summarize the available scientific information on a subject, assessing its importance and identifYing additional research needs.

目次

Soil Management for Optimized Productivity Under Rainfed Conditions in the Semi-Arid Tropics.- I. Introduction.- II. Soils of the Semi-Arid Tropics.- III. Major Characteristics of SAT Vertisols and Alfisols.- IV. Dryland Management Options for SAT Vertisols and Alfisols.- V. Conclusions.- References.- Soil Profile Modification for Increasing Crop Production.- I. Introduction.- II. Literature Review and Discussion.- III. Summary.- References.- The Effect of Exchangeable Sodium and Electrolyte Concentration on Crust Formation.- I. Introduction.- II. Crust Properties as Determined by the Infiltration Rate (IR).- III. Effect of ESP and Electrolyte Concentration on the Structure of the Soil Crust.- IV. Effect of Soil Sodicity on Crust Formation (and Rain Infiltration)-Field Studies.- V. Summary.- References.- Ammonia Volatilization from Ammonium or Ammonium-Forming Nitrogen Fertilizers.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods for Estimating NH3 Volatilization.- III. Chemistry of NH3 Volatilization.- IV. Magnitude of NH3 Losses.- V. Chemical and Physical Parameters That Control Absolute NH3 Losses.- VI. Ammonia Loss from Flooded Systems.- VII. Volatilization Loss of Nitrogen Following Forest Fertilization.- VIII. Ammonia Transfer Cycle.- IX. Conclusion.- References.- The Effect of Pedogenic Environments on Iron Oxide Minerals.- I. Introduction.- II. Pedoenvironments and Fe(III) Oxide Minerals.- III. Aluminum Substitution.- IV. Pedoenvironments and Crystal Quality.- V. Iron Oxide Minerals and Soil Classification.- References.- Soil Testing.- I. Introduction.- II. Research Required as a Basis for Soil Testing.- III. Taking the Sample.- IV. Laboratory Procedures.- V. Soil Test Calibration and Interpretation.- VI. Rating Soil-Test Values and Use of a Fertility Inde.- VII. Making Lime and Fertilizer Recommendations from Soil Tests.- References.- Boron in Water, Soils, and Plants.- I. Introduction.- II. Boron Chemistry in Aqueous Media.- III. Boron-Soil Interaction.- IV. Boron in Soil-Plant Relations.- V. Soil Reclamation and Management.- References.- Relationship between Soil Physical Properties and Crop Production.- I. Introduction.- II. Factors Directly Affecting Plant Growth.- III. Factors Indirectly Affecting Plant Growth.- IV. Interrelationships of Soil Physical Factors.- V. Relationships between Soil Physical Conditions and Management.- VI. Soil Erosion and Productivity.- VII. Conclusions.- References.

巻冊次

v. 2 ISBN 9780387961149

内容説明

The world population in 1930 was 2 billion. It reached 3 billion in 1960, stands at 4. 6 billion today, and is expected to reach 6 billion by the end of the century. The food and fiber needs of such a rapidly increasing population are enormous. One of the most basic resources, perhaps the most basic of all, for meeting these needs is the soil. There is an urgent need to improve and protect this resource on which the future of mankind directly depends. We must not only learn how to use the soil to furnish our immediate needs, but also ensure that the ability of the soil to sustain food production in the future is unimpaired. This is indeed a mammoth task; a 1977 United Nations survey reported that almost one-fifth of the world's is now being steadily degraded. The diversity of soil makes it cropland necessary for research to be conducted in many locations. There are basic principles, however, that are universal. This, Advances in Soil Sciences, presents clear and concise reviews in all areas of soil science for everyone interested in this basic resource and man's influence on it. The purpose of the series is to provide a forum for leading scientists to analyze and summarize the available scientific information on a subject, assessing its importance and identifying additional research needs. But most importantly, the contributors will develop principles that have practical applications to both developing and developed agricultures.

目次

Developments in Soil Erosion and Deposition Models.- I. Introduction.- II. Hydrologic Models.- III. Controlled Research on Soil Erosion and Deposition Processes.- IV. Conceptualization of Erosion/Deposition Processes.- V. Erosion/Deposition Model of Rose et al..- VI. Application of Model of Rose et al..- VII. Comparison of the Modeling Approach of Foster et al. and Rose et al. for Overland Flow.- VIII. Sediment Deposition and Load-Bed Relationships.- IX. Simplified Theory of Rose et al. with Applications.- X. Some Brief Implications for Field Conservation Research and Conservation Planning.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Dynamics and Availability of Major Nutrients in Soils.- I. Introduction.- II. Factors and Processes of Plant Nutrient Availability.- III. Nitrogen.- IV. Phosphorus.- V. Potassium.- VI. Concluding Remarks.- References.- Microorganisms and Soil Aggregate Stability.- I. Introduction.- II. Why Is Stable Aggregation Necessary?.- III. How Are Microorganisms Involved?.- IV. What Are the Mechanisms Involved?.- V. Applications.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- The Distinctive Properties of Andosols.- I. Introduction.- II. Formation of Andosols.- III. Humus and Its Accumulation.- IV. Clay Minerals Particular to Andosols.- V. Formation and Transformation of Clay Minerals.- VI. Electric Charge Characteristics of Andosols.- VII. Cation Exchange in Andosols.- VIII. Reaction with Phosphates.- IX. Physical and Mechanical Properties.- X. Conclusions.- References.

巻冊次

v. 3 ISBN 9780387961163

内容説明

The world population in 1930 was 2 billion. It reached 3 billion in 1960, stands at 4. 6 billion today, and is expected to reach 6 billion by the end of the century. The food and fiber needs of such a rapidly increasing population are enormous. One of the most basic resources, perhaps the most basic of all, for meeting those needs is the Soil. There is an urgent need to improve and protect this resource on which the future of mankind directly depends. We must not only learn how to use the soil to furnish our immediate needs, but also ensure that the ability of the soil to sustain food production in the future is unimpaired. This is indeed a mammoth task; a 1977 United Nations survey reported that almost one-fifth of the world's cropland is now being steadily degraded. The diversity of soil makes it necessary for research to be conducted in many locations. There are basic principles, however, that are universal. This series, Advances in Soil Science, presents clear and concise reviews in all areas of soil science for everyone interested in this basic resource and man's influence on it. The purpose of series is to provide a forum for leading scientists to analyze and summarize the available scientific information on a subject, assessing its importance and identifying additional research needs. But most importantly, the contributors will develop principles that have practical applications to both developing and developed agricultures.

目次

Quantitative Spatial Analysis of Soil in the Field.- I. Introduction.- II. Nested Sampling and Analysis.- III. Regionalized Variable Theory.- IV. Semi-Variogram Models.- V. Fitting Models.- VI. Fractal Representation.- VII. Cross Correlation.- VIII. Changing Drift.- IX. Extension to the Power Spectrum.- X. Optimal Estimation-Kriging.- XI. Designing Sampling Schemes.- References.- The Effect of Green Manuring on the Physical Properties of Temperate-Area Soils.- I. Introduction.- II. Effect of Organic Matter on Soil Physical Parameters.- III. Effect of Green Manure on Soil Organic-Matter Levels.- IV. Effect of Green Manure on Soil Physical Properties.- V. Effect of Green Manure on Crop Performance Related to Improvements in the Soil Physical Condition.- VI. Conclusion.- References.- The Influence of Macropores on the Transport of Dissolved and Suspended Matter Through Soil.- I. Introduction.- II. Characterization of Macroporosity in Soil.- III. Effect of Macropore Flow on the Transport of Applied Tracers.- IV. Effect of Macropore Flow on the Transport of Indigenous Solute in Soil.- V. Discussion.- VI. Summary.- List of Symbols.- References.- Behavior of Herbicides in Irrigated Soils.- I. Introduction.- II. Factors to Be Considered.- III. Interactions and Persistence.- IV. Herbicide Transport.- V. Irrigation Practices and Herbicide Behavior.- VI. Conclusion.- References.

巻冊次

v. 4 ISBN 9780387962474

内容説明

The world needs for food and fiber continue to increase. Population growth in the developing countries peaked at 2. 4 percent a year in 1965, and has fallen to about 2. 1 percent. However, in many developing countries almost half the people are under 15 years of age, poised to enter their productive and reproductive years. The challenges to produce enough food for this growing population will remain great. Even more challenging is growing the food in the areas of greatest need. Presently the world has great surpluses of food and fiber in some areas while there are devastating deficiencies in other areas. Economic conditions and the lack of suitable infrastructure for distribution all too often limit the alleviation of hunger even when there are adequate supplies, sometimes even within the country itself. World hunger can only be solved in the long run by increasing crop production in the areas where the population is growing most rapidly. This will require increased efforts of both the developed and developing countries. Much of the technology that is so successful for crop production in the developed countries cannot be utilized directly in the developing countries. Many of the principles, however, can and must be adapted to the conditions, both physical and economic, of the developing countries.

目次

Early Soil Physics into the Mid-20th Century.- I. Introduction.- II. Early Beginnings.- III. The Renaissance to the 18th Century.- IV. The 18th to Early 19th Century.- V. The Birth of Soil Physics.- VI. The Rise of Soil Physics, First Decade.- VII. The Rise of Soil Physics, Second Decade.- VIII. The Beginning of the Modern Era.- IX. Acceleration of the Sciences Following World War II.- X The 1950s and Beyond.- References.- Nitrous Oxide Emission from Soils.- I. Introduction.- II. Processes Contributing to N2O Production.- III. Mechanisms of N2O Production in Soils.- IV. Control of N2O Emission from Soils.- V. Summary.- References.- Characterization and Modeling of Chemical Transfer to Runoff.- I. Introduction.- II. The Rainfall-Runoff-Soil Interaction.- III. Factors Influencing the Interaction.- IV. The Desorption of Adsorbed Chemicals.- V. Modeling the Transfer to Runoff.- VI. Transport from Partial Land-Area Applications-Buffer Strips.- VII. Shallow Subsurface Flow of Chemicals.- VIII. Summary, Applications, and Suggested Further Work.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Agronomical and Ecological Impact of Irrigation on Soil and Water Salinity.- I. Introduction.- II. Salinity and Secondary Salinization in Agriculture in Ancient Times.- III. The Main Aspects of Secondary Salinization and Alkalization.- IV. The Development of Irrigation as a Worldwide Method for Increasing Yields and the Consequent Extension of Secondary Salinization and Alkalization.- V. Combating Secondary Salinization and Alkalization.- VI. Conclusions.- References.

巻冊次

v. 5 ISBN 9780387963211

内容説明

The world needs for food and fiber continue to increase. Population growth in the developing countries peaked at 2. 4% a year in 1965 and has fallen to about 2. 1%. However, in many developing countries almost half the people are under 15 years of age, poised to enter their productive and reproductive years. The challenges to produce enough food for this growing population will remain great Even more challenging is growing the food in the areas of greatest need. Presently the world has great surpluses of food and fiber in some areas while there are devastating deficiencies in other areas. Economic conditions and the lack of suitable infrastructure for distribution all too often limit the alleviation of hunger even when there are adequate supplies, sometimes even within the country itself. World hunger can be solved in the long run only by increasing crop production in the areas where the population is growing most rapidly. This will require increased efforts of both the developed and developing countries. Much of the technology that is so successful for crop production in the developed countries cannot be utilized directly in the developing countries. Many of the principles, however, can and must be adapted to the conditions, both physical and economic, of the developing countries.

目次

Soil Surface Management in the Tropics for Intensive Land Use and High and Sustained Production.- I. Introduction.- II. Land, Rainfall, and Vegetation.- III. Soil Resources of the Tropics.- IV. Traditional Farming Systems and Soil Productivity.- V. Soil Degradation and Ecological Fragility in the Tropics.- VI. Basis of Improving Traditional Farming Systems.- VII. Components of Technology for Improving Traditional Agriculture.- VIII. An Agroecological Approach to Improving Traditional Agriculture in the Tropics.- IX. Research and Development Priorities.- References.- Effect of Surface Residues on Soil Water Storage.- I. Introduction.- II. Early Studies with Surface Residues.- III. Stubble Mulch Tillage.- IV. Early Chemical Fallow (No Tillage).- V. Chemical Fallow with Improved Herbicides.- VI. Managing Irrigated Crop Residues.- VII. Residue Effects-Subhumid and Humid Regions.- VIII. Surface Residue Effects on Evaporation.- IX. Surface Residue Effects on Water Conservation from Snow.- X. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- Physical Properties and Processes of Puddled Rice Soils.- I. Introduction.- II. The Puddling Process.- III. Puddling Indices.- IV. Effects of Puddling.- V. Regeneration of Soil Structure.- VI. Is Puddling Essential?.- VII. Research Gaps.- VIII. Summary.- References.- Origin, Evolution, and Classification of Paddy Soils in China.- I. Paddy Soils of China.- II. Distribution of Paddy Soils in China.- III. Genesis of Paddy Soils.- IV. Genetic Horizons of Paddy Soil.- V. Classification of Paddy Soils.- VI. A Suggestion of Paddy Soil Classification in Soil Taxonomy.- References.- Phosphorus Interactions with Other Nutrients and Lime in Field Cropping Systems.- I. Introduction.- II. Interpretive Model.- III. Phosphorus x Nitrogen.- IV. Phosphorus x Zinc.- V. Phosphorus x Lime.- VI. Phosphorus x Silicon.- VII. Phosphorus x Iron.- VIII. Phosphorus x Copper.- IX. Phosphorus x Potassium.- X. Phosphorus x Sulfur.- XI. Phosphorus x Molybdenum.- XII. Phosphorus x Magnesium.- XIII. Other Interactions.- XIV. A Look to the Future.- References.

巻冊次

v. 6 ISBN 9780387964324

内容説明

The world needs for food and fiber continue to increase. Population growth in the developing countries peaked at 2. 4 percent a year in 1965 and has fallen to about 2. I percent. However, in many developing countries almost half the people are under 15 years of age, poised to enter their productive and reproductive years. The challenges to produce enough food for this growing population will remain great. Even more challenging is growing the food in the areas of greatest need. Presently the world has great surpluses of food and fiber in some areas while there are devastating deficiencies in other areas. Economic conditions and the lack of suitable infrastructure for distribution all too often limit the alleviation of hunger even when there are adequate supplies, sometimes even within the country itself. World hunger can only be solved in the long run by increasing crop production in the areas where the population is growing most rapidly. This will require increased efforts of both the developed and developing countries. Much of the technology that is so successful for crop production in the developed countries cannot be utilized directly in the developing countries. Many of the principles, however, can and must be adapted to the conditions, both physical and economic, of the developing countries. This series, Advances in Soil Science.

目次

Potassium Dynamics in Soils.- I. Introduction.- II. General Characteristics of Soil K.- III. Forms of Soil Potassium.- IV. Inorganic and Organic Colloids Important in Potassium Dynamics.- V. Techniques for Measuring Potassium Dynamics.- VI. Equations and Models to Describe Potassium Dynamics in Soils and Clay Minerals.- VII. Effect of Temperature on K Dynamics.- VIII. Dynamics Between Solution and Exchangeable Phases of Potassium.- IX. Kinetics of Nonexchangeable and Mineral Potassium Release.- X. Use of Kinetics for Determining Thermodynamics of Potassium Exchange in Soils.- XI. Summary and Future Research Needs.- References.- Models to Assess the Susceptibility of Soils to Excessive Compaction.- I. Introduction.- II. Definitions.- III. Modeling Laboratory Soil Compaction.- IV. Ease/Susceptibility of Soils to Compaction.- V. Excessive Compaction.- VI. Water Contents and Applied Stresses Not Conducive to Excessive Compaction.- VII. Acceptable Loads Versus Drainage.- VIII. Modeling Field Soil Compaction.- IX. Application of Field Soil Compaction Models.- X. Areas of Future Research.- References.- Sources, Amounts, and Forms of Alkali Elements in Soils.- I. Introduction.- II. Differentiating Characteristics.- III. Geochemistry.- IV. Mineralogy.- V. Soil Content.- VI. Soil Forms.- References.- The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS).- I. Introduction.- II. Nutrient Concentration and Aging.- III. DRIS Norms.- IV. Making a Diagnosis: Use of a DRIS Chart.- V. Calculating DRIS Indices.- VI. Nutrient Index Interpretation.- VII. Testing DRIS Norms.- VIII. Comparisons of DRIS and Other Diagnostic Systems.- IX. Effect of Leaf Age and Position on DRIS Indices.- X. Universality of Foliar Norms.- XI. Expansion of DRIS Beyond Nutrient Ratios.- XII. Conclusions.- XIII. References.- Soil-Related Nutritional Problem Areas for Grazing Animals.- I. Introduction.- II. General Considerations of Trace Element Problems in Plants and Animals.- III. Geographical Distribution of Nutritional Problem Areas for Grazing Animals.- IV. General Discussion.- V. Future Outlook.- References.

巻冊次

v. 7 ISBN 9780387965512

内容説明

The world population in 1950 was 2. 5 billion and is more than 5 billion today. The agriculture community, however, has responded remarkably well to meeting the increased need for food and fiber. While the population growth during this period averaged almost 2% annually, the production of grain increased at an even faster rate. From 1950 to 1973, grain production increased 3. 1% annually, but slowed to about 2% from 1973 to 1984. There- fore, as a whole, the world has more grain per capita available today than ever before. Several countries that were food importers just a few years ago are food exporters today. The world carry-over stocks today are the highest in years. While the major concern just a few years ago was whether the world could produce adequate food, the problem for many countries today is how to export their surpluses. Although the world as a whole has surplus food supplies, there are millions of people without adequate food to exist, and there are additional millions who have a bare subsistence diet at best. The average daily calorie supply for the developed countries is more than 3,300 per person, while the average for the developing countries is only about 2,200. The major global food produc- tion problems have shifted from Asia to Africa, where malnutrition, poverty, and starvation are attracting world attention.

目次

Modeling of Flow, Transport, and Crop Yield in Spatially Variable Fields.- I. Introduction.- II. Infiltration and Redistribution.- III. Solute Transport.- IV. Crop Yield.- V. Economic Optimization.- List of Symbols.- References.- Pedogenesis in the Grassland and Adjacent Forests of the Great Plains.- I. Introduction.- II. Grassland Soils as a System.- III. Classification of Grassland Soils.- IV. Soil Climates in Grasslands.- V. Pedogenic Processes.- VI. Organic Matter Formation and Transformation.- VII. Carbonate Weathering and pH.- VIII. Clay Formation and Translocation.- IX. Pedogenesis and Major Nutrients.- X. Processes in Clayey Grassland Soils.- XI. Solonetzic Soils.- XII. Soils of the Grassland Forest Ecotone.- XIII. Effects of Man and Other Organisms.- XIV. Trends in Pedological Research.- XV. Summary.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Legume Winter Cover Crops.- I. Introduction.- II. Production of Legume Winter Cover Crops.- III. Yield Responses of Summer Crops.- IV. Nitrogen from Legume Cover Crops.- V. Effects on Soil Properties.- VI. Erosion Control.- VII. Economics.- VIII. Perennial Legume Covers.- IX. Conclusions.- References.- Influence of Sludge Organic Matter on Soil Physical Properties.- I. Introduction.- II. Sludge Organic Matter Interactions with Soils.- III. Effect of Sludge Organic Matter on Soil Physical Properties.- IV. Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Efficient Resource Management Systems for Drylands of India.- I. Introduction.- II. Soils of Drylands in India.- III. Untapped Yield Potential in Drylands of India.- IV. Cropping Systems.- V. Tillage.- VI. Mulching.- VII. Fertilizer Use.- VIII. On-Farm Rainwater Management.- IX. Runoff Collection and Recycling.- X. Stability in Crop Production in Drylands.- XI. Agro-Technology Transfer.- Acknowledgment.- References.

巻冊次

v. 8 ISBN 9780387966700

内容説明

Advances in Soil Science is a review series relevant to all areas of soil science. These reviews, intended primarily for scientists, teachers, and students of soil science, also provide technical background information for many additional workers and groups interested in our natural resources and man's influence on them. This is the eighth volume in the series with an international list of contributors from the United States, India, Canada and New Zealand. It contains four review chapters on the following subjects: factors affecting aluminum transformations in soil; soil productivity in dryland regions of developing countries; changes in soil structure under different cropping systems; properties and management of the depleted soils of India. These contributions present valuable information on a diversity of topics and serve as an excellent source of references.

巻冊次

v. 9 ISBN 9780387967813

内容説明

Soil is formed from the physical and chemical weathering of rocks-processes described historically because they involve eons of time-by glaciation, and by wind and water transport of soil materials, later deposited in deltas and loessial planes. Soil undergoes further transformations over time and provides a habitat for biological life and a base for the development of civilizations. Soil is dynamic - always changing as a result of the forces of nature and particularly by the influences of man. Soils have been studied as long as history has been documented. W. H. Gardner told of writings on clay tablets, dating about 1700 Be, in his review, "Early Soil Physics into the Mid-20th Century;' published in Volume 4 of this series. Those writings gave specific instructions on cultivating the soil and seeding crops. Numerous references to soil are found in historical writings, such as Aristotle (384-322 Be), Theophrastus (372-286 Be), Cato the Elder (234-149 Be), and Varro (116-27 Be). Some of the earliest historical refer- ences to soil 3000 or more years ago have to do with erosional forces of wind and water. The study of soils today has taken on increased importance because a rapidly expanding population is placing demands on soil that has never before been experienced. Soil scientists have professionally divided themselves into separate disciplines-physics, chemistry, microbiology, mineralogy, genesis, and the like. Studies range from very basic to very applied, and to literally every corner of the earth, and ofthe moon as well.

目次

Use of Gypsum on Soils: A Review.- I. Introduction.- II. Use of Gypsum on Dispersive Soils.- III. Gypsum As an Ameliorant for Acid Subsoils.- IV. Environmental Concerns in Phosphogypsum Use.- V. General Conclusions.- References.- Heavy Metals in Soils and Their Environmental Significance.- I. Introduction.- II. Sources of Pollution.- III. Mobility of Metals in Soils and Landscapes.- IV. Ecological Consequences of Heavy Metal Pollution of Soils.- V. Prediction of the Impact of Heavy Metal Pollution of Soils.- VI. Guidelines for Regulatory Control of Pollution of Agricultural Land.- VII. Final Comment.- References.- The Use of Extractants in Studies on Trace Metals in Soils, Sewage Sludges, and Sludge-Treated Soils.- I. Introduction.- II. Forms of Combination of Trace Metals in Sewage Sludge, Sludged Soils, or Soils.- III. Survey of Extractants.- IV. Discussion.- References.- Using Soil Survey Data for Quantitative Land Evaluation.- I. Introduction.- II. Soil Survey Interpretation and Land Evaluation.- III. Modern Land Use Questions.- IV. Innovative Uses of Soil Survey Data.- V. Future Developments.- References.

巻冊次

v. 10 ISBN 9780387969008

内容説明

Soil is formed from physical and chemical weathering of rocks - processes described historically because they involve eons of time-by glaciation and by wind and water transport of soil materials, later deposited in deltas and loessial planes. Soil undergoes further transformations over time and provides a habitat for biological life and a base for the development of civilizations. Soil is dynamic -always changing as a result of the forces of nature and particularly by human influences. The soil has been studied as long as history has been documented. Numerous references to soil are found in historical writings such as Aristotle (384-322 B. c. ), Theophrastus (372-286 B. c. ), Cato the Elder (234-149 B. C. ) and Varro (116-27 B. c. ). Some of the earliest historical references have to do with erosional forces of wind and water. The study of soils today has taken on increased importance because a rapidly expanding population is placing demands on the soil never before experienced. This has led to an increase in land degradation and desertification. Desertifica­ tion is largely synonymous with land degradation but in an arid land context. Deterioration of soil resources is largely human induced. Poverty, ignorance, and greed are the indirect causes of desertification. The direct cause is mismanage­ ment of the land by practices such as overgrazing, tree removal, improper tillage, poorly designed and managed water distribution systems, and overexploitation.

目次

Reactions Controlling Heavy Metal Solubility in Soils.- I. Introduction.- II. Ion-Exchange on Layer Silicates.- III. Chemisorption on Mineral Surfaces.- IV. Nucleation, Precipitation, and Solid Solutions.- V. Redox Processes Affecting Metal Solubility.- VI. Metal Adsorption by Organic Matter.- VII. Speciation of Metals in Solution.- VIII. Summary.- References.- The Components of Nitrogen Availability Assessments in Forest Soils.- I. Introduction.- II. The Framework.- III. The Methods.- IV. Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Carbon Sources for Bacterial Denitrification.- I. Introduction.- II. Carbon Sources.- III. Natural C Substrates.- IV. Coculture and Multiculture Systems.- V. Decomposition of Organic Materials and Denitrification.- VI. Denitrification in Relation to Measured Available Soil C Substrate.- VII. Denitrification Near Roots.- VIII. Acetylene as a C Substrate for Denitrifiers.- IX. Denitrification Kinetics Involving C Substrates.- X. Denitrification Versus Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- XI. Summary.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Integrated Nitrogen Management in Irrigated Rice.- I. Introduction.- II. Efficiency of Nitrogen Fertilizer.- III. Ammonia Volatilization Loss.- IV. Denitrification Loss.- V. Management Agenda to Increase Nitrogen Use Efficiency.- VI. Supplemental Sources of Nitrogen.- VII. Knowledge Gaps.- References.- Tropical Soils and Soil Classification Updates.- I. Introduction.- II. Keys to Soil Taxonomy 1987.- III. The FAO-UNESCO 1988 Update.- IV. Classifications and Soils of the Tropics.- References.

巻冊次

v. 12 ISBN 9780387971216

内容説明

Soil is formed from the physical and chemical weathering of rocks-processes described historically becau'se they involve eons of time-by glaciation and by wind and water transport of soil materials, which are later deposited in deltas and loessial planes. Soil undergoes further transformations over time and provides a habitat for biological life and a base for the development of civilizations. Soil is dynamic-always changing as a result of the forces of nature and particularly by the influences of man. Soil has been studied as long as history has been documented. Numerous references to soil are found in historical writings such as Aristotle (384-322 Be), Theophrastus (372-286 Be), Cato the E1der (234-149 Be), and Varro (116-27 Be). Some of the earliest historical references have to do with the erosional forces of wind and water. The study of soils today has taken on increased importance because a rapidly expanding population is placing demands never before experienced on the soil. This has led to an increase in land degradation. Land degradation is one of the most severe problems facing mankind. Volume 11 of Advances in Soil Science was devoted entirely to this critical area of soil science. This series, Advances in Soil Science, was established to provide a forum for leading scientists to analyze and summarize the available scientific information on a subject, assessing its importance and identifying additional research needs.

目次

Rates of Change of Soil Structure Under Different Cropping Systems.- I. Introduction.- II. Soil Structure.- III. Processes Responsible for Changing Soil Structure.- IV. Managing Soil Structure with Cropping Systems.- V. Quantifying the Influence of Cropping Systems on the Rates of Change of Soil Structure.- VI. Summary.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Crop Responses to Azospirillum Inoculation.- I. Introduction.- II. Interactions of Azospirillum with Roots.- III. Yield Responses to Azospirillum Inoculation.- IV. Possible Reasons for Plant Response to Azospirillum.- V. Importance of Strain Selection.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- Application of 57Fe Mossbauer Spectroscopy to Problems in Clay Mineralogy and Soil Science: Possibilities and Limitations.- I. Introduction.- II. Physical Background and Instrumentation.- III. Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Minerals.- IV. Magnetically Ordered Minerals.- V. Complex Natural Assemblages: Soils and Sediments.- VI. Summary and Suggested Applications.- Acknowledgments..- References.- High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) in the Study of Clays and Soils.- I. Introduction.- II. Transmission Electron Microscopy versus X-Ray Diffraction.- III. Principles of TEM.- IV. Sample Preparation.- V. Characterization.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- Bare-Soil Evaporation in Relation to Tillage.- I. Introduction.- II. Process of Evaporation.- III. Factors Affecting Bare-Soil Evaporation.- IV. Dynamics of Evaporation from Tilled Soil.- V. Evaporation Reduction with Tillage.- VI. Summary.- References.

巻冊次

v. 11 ISBN 9780387971261

内容説明

The purpose of Advances in Soil Science is to provide a forum for leading scientists to analyze and summarize the available scientific information on a subject, assessing its importance and identifying additional research needs. A wide array of subjects has been addressed by authors from many countries in the initial ten volumes of the series. The quick acceptance of the series by both authors and readers has been very gratifying and confirms our perception that a need did exist for a medium to fill the gap between the scientific journals and the comprehensive reference books. This volume is the first of the series devoted entirely to a single topic soil degradation. Future volumes will include both single-topic volumes as well as volumes containing reviews of different topics of soil science, as in the case of the first ten volumes. There are increasing concern and attention about managing natural re sources, particularly soil and water. Soil degradation is clearly one of the most pressing problems facing mankind. Although the spotlight regarding soil degradation in recent years has focused on Africa, concern about the degradation of soil and water resources is worldwide. The widespread con cern about global environmental change is also being linked to severe problems of soil degradation. Therefore, we are indeed pleased that the first volume of the series devoted to a single topic addresses such an impor tant issue. The current volume is also the first of the series involving a guest editor."

巻冊次

v. 14 ISBN 9780387971933

内容説明

The study of soils today has taken on increased importance because a rapidly expanding population is placing demands on the soil never before experienced. This has led to an increase in land degradation. Land degradation is one of the most severe problems facing mankind. Volume 11 of Advances in Soil Science was devoted entirely to this critical area of soil science. From the beginning of agriculture until about 1950, increased food production came almost entirely from expanding the cropland base. Since 1950, however, the yield per unit of land area for major crops has increased dramatically. Much of the increase in yields was because of increased inputs of energy. Between 1950 and 1985, the farm tractor fleet quadrupled, world irrigated area tripled, and use of fertilizer increased ninefold. Between 1950 and 1985, the total energy used in world agriculture increased 6. 9 times. Until recently, sustainability was seldom, if ever, mentioned in agricultural literature. Now, it is one of the most widely used terms. The high costs ofirriga tion development, escalating energy costs during the 1970s, public concern over potential negative impacts of fertilizer and pesticides on water supplies, soil ero sion, soil compaction and salinity problems, and other concerns have caused many people to question whether many of the present agriculture systems can be sustained. As a result, soil science is beginning to focus more on sustaining the resource base."

巻冊次

v. 13 ISBN 9780387972046

内容説明

From the beginning of agriculture until about 1950, increased food production came almost entirely from expanding the cropland base. Since 1950, however, the yield per unit of land area for major crops has increased dramatically. Much of the increase in yields was because of increased inputs of energy. Between 1950 and 1985, the farm tractor fleet quadrupled, world irrigated area tripled, and use of fertilizer increased ninefold. Between 1950 and 1985, the total energy used in world agriculture increased 6. 9 times. Irrigation played a particularly important role in the rapid increase in food production between 1950 and 1985. The world's irrigated land in 1950 totaled 94 million hectares but increased to 140 million by 1960, to 198 million by 1970, and to 271 million hectares in 1985. However, the current rate of expansion has slowed to less than 1 % per year. The world population continues to increase and agricultural production by the year 2000 will have to be 50 to 60% greater than in 1980 to meet demands. This continued demand for food and fiber, coupled with the sharp decline in the growth rate of irrigation development, means that much of the additional agricultural production in future years must come from cultivated land that is not irrigated. Agricultural production will be expanded in the arid and semiarid regions because these regions make up vast areas in developing countries where populations are rapidly rising.

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v. 15 ISBN 9780387973548

内容説明

The study of soils is increasingly important due to growing demands on soils by rapidly expanding populations. Volume 15 of Advances in Soil Sciences is a mixed-topic volume in this series; consisting of five critical review articles: 1. VA Mycorrhizae as modifiers of soil fertility (J.M. Barea, Estacion Experimental del Zaidin, Granada, Spain) 2. Argillic horizons in modern loess soils in an ustic soil moisture regime? (A. Bronger, University of Kiel, FRG) 3. Myths and scientific realities of agroforestry as a strategy for sustaining management of soils in the tropics (R. Lal, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH) 4. Land evaluation: from intuition to quantification (C.A. van Diepen et al. Winand Staring Center for Integrated Land, Soil and Water Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands) 5. Crop residue management (R. Prasad, Indian Agri- cultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India)

巻冊次

v. 16 ISBN 9780387975191

目次

Chemistry of Phosphorus Transformations in Soil.- I. Introduction.- II. Physicochemical Processes Governing Phosphorus Concentration in Soil Solution.- III. Reactions of Phosphorus Fertilizers in Soil.- IV. Chemistry of Phosphorus Transformations in Submerged Soil.- V. Soil Organic Phosphorus.- VI. Phosphorus Management Options.- VII. Unresolved Challenges.- References.- Equilibrium-Based Modeling of Chemical Sorption on Soils and Soil Constituents.- I. Introduction.- II. Selection of Solid and Aqueous Phase Components for Validating a Proposed Model.- III. In Search of a Model: The Tools for Soil Chemists.- IV. Use of Equilibrium-Based Models in Combination with Other Approaches for Modeling Sorption Reactions.- References.- Determination of Nutrient Availability and Elemental Toxicity by AB-DTPA Soil Test and ICPS.- I. Introduction.- II.Theoretical Principles of the Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA (AB-DTPA) Soil Test.- III.Theoretical Principles of Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICPS).- IV.Elements Extracted with Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA.- V. Analysis of Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA Extracts Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectometry.- VI. Interpretation of Results.- VII. Conclusions.- References.- Effects of Sewage Sludge Application on Soil Microbial Processes and Soil Fertility.- I. Introduction.- II. Effects of Sewage Sludge and Heavy Metals on Soil Microbial Processes.- III. Resistance of Soil Microorganisms to Elevated Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil.- IV. Conclusions.- References.- Estimating Soil Water Retention from Soil Physical Properties and Characteristics.- I. Introduction.- II. Soil Physical Properties and Characteristics.- III. Approaches for Estimating Soil Water Retention from Soil Physical Properties and Characteristics.- IV. Water Retention Data Bases.- V. Conclusions.- References.

巻冊次

v. 17 ISBN 9780387976570

内容説明

Soil degradation is clearly one of the most pressing problems facing man kind. A continuation of soil degradation will eventually lead to a loss in crop productivity even though fertilizers and other inputs often result in increased yields in the short term. Soil degradation also leads to environ mental pollution. A decrease in soil quality invariably leads to a decrease in water quality, and often in air quality. While there is a clear consensus that soil degradation is a major problem, the literature on this subject leaves numerous baffling questions. If statis tics on land degradation are correct, there is a definite cause for concern, and present a mammoth challenge for agricultural scientists. There are those that say the scientific community has over dramatized this issue, and created a credibility problem. Consequently; Volume 11 of Advances in Soil Science was organized by Dr. Rattan Lal who is recognized as a lead ing authority on the subject. The objective of Volume 11 was to assess the types and processes of soil degradation and establish some of the major cause-effect relationships. Volume II documented the seriousness of soil degradation in many parts of the world. Therefore, it seemed immediately important to devote a volume to the principles and technologies for restor ing degraded soils to a productive status. While the land resources are limited, world population is rapidly increasing, particularly in developing countries. Dr."

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v. 18(us) ISBN 9780387976976

内容説明

Advances in Soil Science was conceived in 1982 to provide a forum for leading international scientists to analyze and summarize the available scientific information on a subject, assessing its importance and ident- ifying additional research needs. This goal seems even more appropriate today. Much is known about our soil resources. The principles learned and the technology developed need to be used to increase food pro- duction, particularly in developing countries, and sustain the productivity of the resource base. Advances in Soil Science fills a gap between the scientific journals and the comprehensive reference books. Scientists can delve in depth on a particular subject relating to soil science. Contributors are asked in particular to develop and identify principles that have practical applications to both developing and developed agricultures. Advances in Soil Science was established to be international in scope and cover all subjects relating to soil science. This volume certainly fulfills that objective. The first chapter is concerned with denitrification. The significance of denitrification in nitrogen use efficiency in agricultural, grassland, and forest ecosystems, and in global nitrogen cycling is now well recognized. Therefore, an understanding of denitrification is essential for the efficient use of nitrogen fertilizers and for protecting the environ- ment. The second chapter looks at the effects of subzero temperatures on the physical, biological, and chemical processes. This is an important area of soil science that has not been studied in great detail.

目次

Soil Denitrification: Significance, Measurement, and Effects on Management.- I. Introduction.- II. Significance to N Cycle.- III. Factors Controlling Denitrification.- IV. Methodology for Field Measurements.- V. Impact of Management Systems.- VI. Conclusions and Future Research Needs.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Freezing and Its Effect on Chemical and Biological Properties of Soil.- I. Introduction.- II. Factors Influencing the Degree of Frost Penetration.- III. Influence of Rate and Degree of Freezing on the Structure of Ice.- IV. Effects of Freezing on Individual Physical Characteristics of Soil.- V. Chemical and Biological Effects of Soil Freezing.- VI. Consequences for Soil Fertility.- VII. Possible Effects on Natural Surface Water.- VIII. Conclusions.- Acknowledgment.- References.- Soil and Fertilizer Phosphorus and Crop Responses in the Dryland Mediterranean Zone.- I. Introduction.- II. Factors Governing the Behavior of Phosphorus in Mediterranean Soils.- III. Phosphate Reactions in Soils.- IV. Assessing Plant-Available Soil Phosphorus.- V. Field-Crop Responses to Phosphorus Fertilizer.- VI. Factors Associated with Crop Phosphorus Responses.- VII. Regional Research Infrastructure.- VIII. Future Research and Extension.- References.- Distribution and Management of Drylands in the People's Republic of China.- I. Introduction.- II. Main Characteristics of the Drylands.- III. Distribution of Different Drylands.- IV. Soils in the Dryland Areas.- V. Management of the Drylands.- VI. Future Strategies for Management of Drylands.- References.

巻冊次

v. 20 : New York ISBN 9780387978284

内容説明

The key to sustaining the soil resource base is to maintain, or enhance, soil quality. Soil quality cannot be seen or measured directly from the soil alone but is inferred from soil characteristics and soil behavior under defined conditions. In essence, the quality of soils is analogous to the health of humans, and just as there is no single characteristic that can be measured to quantify a person's health, there is no single measurement that can quantify soil quality. However, there are certain characteristics, particularly when considered together, that are good indicators. Soil quality, just as human health, can be maintained or enhanced by good management practices; and seriously degraded-sometimes irrevers ibly-with poor practices. Soil quality is also important because it has direct and indirect effects on air quality and water quality. While the enhancement of soil quality does not always assure parallel improvements in the quality of air and, particularly, water resources, this is often the case. However, soil deg radation is invariably accompanied by degraded qualities of both air and water resources. The consensus among many scientists is that the greatest challenge is not increasing production, but preventing serious deterioration of the soil and water resource base so that the production level can be sustained."

巻冊次

v. 19 ISBN 9783540976974

内容説明

Presents reviews of current research on all aspects of soil science including soil denitrification, the effects of soil freezing on its chemical and biological properties, the behaviour of phosphorus in soil and the distribution and management of drylands in the People's Republic of China.

巻冊次

v. 20 : Berlin ISBN 9783540978282

内容説明

The topics addressed in this volume of a continuing series on the soil sciences are soil-water repellency, nutrient transformations in soils amended by green manures, and the physical fractionation of soil and organic matter in primary particle size and density separates.

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詳細情報

• NII書誌ID(NCID): BA01532483
• ISBN:
  • 0387960279
  • 0387961143
  • 038796116X
  • 0387962476
  • 0387963219
  • 0387964320
  • 0387965513
  • 0387966706
  • 0387967818
  • 0387969004
  • 3540969004
  • 0387971262
  • 0387971211
  • 0387972048
  • 0387971939
  • 0387973540
  • 0387975195
  • 0387976574
  • 0387976973
  • 3540976973
  • 3540978283
  • 0387978283
• 出版国コード: us
• タイトル言語コード: eng
• 本文言語コード: eng
• 出版地: New York ; Berlin ; Tokyo
• ページ数/冊数: v.
• 大きさ: 24 cm