Scientific research
著者
書誌事項
Scientific research
（Studies in the foundations, methodology and philosophy of science, Vol. 3/1,
Springer, 1967
- v. 1
- v. 2
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収録内容
- v. 1. The search for system
- v. 2. The search for truth
内容説明・目次
- 巻冊次
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v. 1 ISBN 9783540039945
目次
I Approach and Tools.- 1. The Scientific Approach.- 1.1 Knowledge: Ordinary and Scientific.- 1.2 Scientific Method.- 1.3 Scientific Tactics.- 1.4 Branches of Science.- 1.5 Goal and Scope of Science.- 1.6 Pseudoscience.- 2. Concept.- 2.1 Scientific Languages.- 2.2 Term and Concept.- 2.3 Extension and Intension.- 2.4 Partition, Ordering and Systematics.- 2.5 From Pretheoretical to Theoretical Systematics.- 2.6 Systematics of Concepts.- 3. Elucidation.- 3.1 Vagueness and Borderline Cases.- 3.2 Sharpening.- 3.3 Definition.- 3.4 *Problems of Definition.- 3.5 Interpretation.- 3.6 Interpretation Procedures.- 3.7 Concept "Validity".- II Scientific Ideas.- 4. Problem.- 4.1 The Spring of Science.- 4.2 *Logic of Problems.- 4.3 Scientific Problems.- 4.4 A Paradigm, a Framework, and a Simile.- 4.5 Heuristics.- 4.6 The End of Scientific Problems.- 4.7 Philosophical Problems.- 5. Hypothesis.- 5.1 Meanings.- 5.2 Formulation.- 5.3 *Kinds: Form and Content.- 5.4 Kinds: Epistemological Viewpoint.- 5.5 Ground.- 5.6 Testability.- 5.7 *Requirements.- 5.8 Functions.- 5.9 Philosophical Hypotheses in Science.- 6. Law.- 6.1 Variables and Invariants.- 6.2 Searching for Law.- 6.3 Kinds.- 6.4 Form and Content.- 6.5 Law Formula and Pattern.- 6.6 Requirements.- 6.7 *Laws of Laws.- 6.8 The Rule of Law.- 7. Theory: Statics.- 7.1 The Nervous System of Science.- 7.2 Conceptual Unity.- 7.3 Deducibility.- 7.4 Abstract Theory and Interpretation.- 7.5 *Probability: Calculus, Models, Misinterpretations.- 7.6 Formal Desiderata.- 8. Theory: Dynamics.- 8.1 Theory Construction.- 8.2 Mathematization.- 8.3 *Reconstruction (Formalization).- 8.4 Reference and Evidence.- 8.5 Depth.- Author Index.
- 巻冊次
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v. 2 ISBN 9783540039952
内容説明
This volume is a logical sequel of Volume I, The Search for System: indeed, it concerns the ways theoretical systems are put to work and subjected to test. Yet it can be read independently by anyone familiar with some factual theories, referring back to Volume I when necessary.
Special Symbols AS;B the set A is included in the set B AvB the union of the sets A and B AnB the common part of the sets A and B aEB the individual a is in (or belongs to) the set A Card (A) cardinality (numerosity) of the set A AxB Cartesian product of the sets A and B en(A) consequence(s) of the set A of assumptions equals by definition =dt definition Dt* some x (or there is at least one x such that) (3 x) e empirical datum e* translation of e into a semiempirical, semitheoreticallanguage h hypothesis m(r) measured value of the degree r m(;) average (or mean) value of a set of measured values of ,; P-jT T presupposes P p, q arbitrary (unspecified) propositions (statements) P(x) x has the property P (or x is a P) {xl P(x)} set of the x such that every x is a P pVq p and/or q (inclusive disjunction) p &q p and q (conjunction) p-+q if p, then q (conditional or implication) p if and only if q (biconditional or equivalence) p-q sum over i 2:; t theorem, testable consequence
目次
III Applying Scientific Ideas.- 9. Explanation.- 9.1. Answering Whys.- 9.2. Nonscientific Explanation.- 9.3. Scientific Subsumption.- 9.4. Interpretive Explanation.- 9.5. *Interpretive Explanation and Reduction of Laws.- 9.6. Explanatory Power.- 9.7. Functions and Reach.- 10. Prediction.- 10.1. Projection.- 10.2. Stochastic Projection.- 10.3. Historical Projection.- 10.4. Projective Power.- 10.5. Riddles.- 11. Action.- 11.1. Truth and Action.- 11.2. Technological Rule.- 11.3. Technological Forecast.- IV Testing Scientific Ideas.- 12. Observation.- 12.1. Fact.- 12.2. Observability.- 12.3. Objectification.- 12.4. Data and Evidence.- 12.5. Function.- 13. Measurement.- 13.1. Numerical Quantification.- 13.2. Measured Value.- 13.3. Counting.- 13.4. Scale and Unit.- 13.5. Techniques.- 13.6. Upshot.- 14. Experiment.- 14.1. Planned Change.- 14.2. Control.- 14.3. Design.- 14.4. Significance.- 14.5. Testing the Test.- 14.6. Functions.- 15. Concluding.- 15.1. Inferring.- 15.2. Testing Observational Propositions.- 15.3. Testing Hypotheses.- 15.4. Confirmation and Refutation.- 15.5. A Case History: Torricelli.- 15.6. Testing Theories.- 15.7. Theory Assaying.- Author Index.
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