Biomembranes

Author(s)

• Manson, Lionel A.

Bibliographic Information

Biomembranes

edited by Lionel A. Manson

Plenum Press, 1971-1979

• v. 1
• v. 5
• v. 8
• v. 10

Note

子書誌あり

Description and Table of Contents

Volume

v. 1 ISBN 9780306398018

Table of Contents

1: The Bacterial Membrane.- I. Introduction.- II. Membranes and Surface Organization of the Bacterial Cell.- A. Surface Structures of Gram-Negative Bacteria.- B. Surface Structures of Gram-Positive Bacteria.- III. Intracellular Membrane Systems in Bacteria.- A. Mesosome Vesicles and Membranes.- B. Photosynthetic Membranes.- C. Membrane Vesicles, "Stacked" Membranes, Dissociation, and Gas Vacuoles.- D. Reticulum.- IV. Anatomy of Bacterial Membranes.- V. Chemical Composition of Isolated Membranes.- A. Gross Chemical Composition.- B. Lipids and Lipid-Soluble Components.- C. Proteins.- VI. Molecular Interactions in Membranes, Dissociation, and Reassociation.- A. Molecular Interactions.- B. Dissociation and Reassociation.- VII. Membrane Functions.- VIII. Biogenesis of Bacterial Membranes.- IX. Conclusions.- References.- 2: Complex Carbohydrates of Animal Cells: Biochemistry and Physiology of the Cell Periphery.- I. Complex Carbohydrate Structures.- A. Glycoproteins.- B. Glycosaminoglycans.- C. Glycolipids.- II. Biosynthesis of Complex Carbohydrate Structures.- A. General Features.- B. The Ultramicro Anatomy of Complex Carbohydrate Biosynthesis.- C. The Specificity of Glycosyl Transferases.- III. Complex Carbohydrates of Cells and Membranes.- A. General Features.- B. Studies of Isolated Plasma Membranes.- C. Nondisruptive Studies of Cell-Surface Carbohydrates.- D. Turnover and Regeneration of Cell-Surface Complex Carbohydrates.- IV. Function.- A. Cell Division and Surface Complex Carbohydrates.- B. Transport and Surface Complex Carbohydrates.- C. Antigens and Receptors of the Cell Surface.- D. Cellular Interactions.- E. Malignant Transformation 149 References.- 3: The Structure and Function of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membranes..- I. The Morphology of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Its Physiological Function.- II. Regulation of Sarcoplasmic Ca2+ Concentration by Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membranes.- III. The Mechanism of Ca2+ Transport by Fragmented Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.- A. Preparation and Characterization of FSR.- B. Morphology of FSR.- C. The Energetics of Ca2+ Transport.- D. The Binding of ATP and ADP to Skeletal Muscle Microsomes.- E. ATP-ADP Exchange Reaction.- F. The Phosphoprotein Intermediate.- G. Specificity of the Transport System.- H. The Rate of Ca2+ Uptake.- I. The Effect of Ca2+-Precipitating Agents.- J. The State of Ca2+ Within the Microsomes.- IV. The Role of Phospholipids in the ATPase Activity and Ca2+ Transport of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membranes.- A. The Use of Phospholipases in the Analysis of the Role of Phospholipids in Sarcotubular Membranes.- B. Mode of Participation of Lecithin in ATPase Activity and Ca2+ Transport.- C. Extraction of Microsomes by Organic Solvents.- D. Effect of Phospholipases on Surface Membranes.- V. Effect of Proteolytic Enzymes on Ca2+ Transport.- VI. The Role of SH Groups.- VII. The Role of Sterols and the Effect of Detergents.- VIII. Attempts to Detect Conformational Change in Microsomal Membranes.- IX. The Release of Ca2+ from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.- X. The Protein Composition of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Membranes.- XI. Solubilization and Reconstitution of Microsomal Membranes.- XII. Inhibitors of Ca2+ Transport.- A. Caffeine.- B. Effects of Quinine and Quinidine on Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.- C. Effect of Local Anesthetics on Ca2+ Transport.- D. Adrenergic Blocking Agents.- E. Effect of Atebrine, Amytal, Chlorpromazine, Reserpine, Imipramine, and Prenylamine.- F. Effect of Ryanodine.- G. Miscellaneous Inhibitors of Ca2+ Transport.- XIII. Ca2+ Transport in Muscle Disease.- References.- 4: The Isolation of the Surface Membranes of Animal Cells: A Survey.- I. Introduction.- II. General Comments on the Isolation.- A. Morphology.- B. Membrane Markers.- C. Storage of Membranes.- III. Isolation of Surface Membranes.- D. Tissue Culture Cells.- E. Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells.- F. Toad Bladder Epithelium.- G. Muscle Cells.- H. Nerve-Ending Membranes and Synaptic Vesicles.- I. Fat Cells.- J. Avian Myeloblasts.- K. Amoebae.- L. Microvillus Membranes.- IV. Conclusions.- References.

Volume

v. 5 ISBN 9780306398056

Description

The volumes that have appeared in the three years since BIOMEMBRANES was launched illustrate the kinds of in- formation the editor and the publishers envisaged would constitute the series. Some, such as this one, would consist of scholarly reviews of specialized topics; some, such as Volumes 2 and 3, would be the published chronicles of conferences; and others, such as Volumes 4 and 6, would be specialized monographs. In this way, we have hoped to provide not only reasoned critical opinions but also ideas "hot off the press. " Whether or not the views articulated ultimately stand the test of time is not as important as that their dissemination to the scientific community provides that unique stimulation that only flows from the interchange of ideas. This volumes includes chapters on a number of different topics. Rosenthal and Rosenstreich have reviewed the accumu- lated evidence associating a visible structure of T lymphocytes, the Uropod, with immunologic "activation. " This is the first of many articles that will appear which associates the immune response with membrane function. A current example of Wallach's ability to approach a problem in a unique and original manner is contained in his review of the effects of ionizing radiation on membranes. Dale Oxender has been active in the study of transport for many years. His review is a careful documentary of the properties of specific binding proteins of bacteria and his thesis that these proteins are part of the active transport systems.

Table of Contents

1 The Lymphocyte Uropod: A Specialized Surface Site for Immunologic Recognition.- I. Introduction.- II. Classification of Lymphocytes.- III. Early Studies of Uropods on Mammalian Lymphocytes and Embryonic Cells.- IV. Uropods on Thymus-Derived or T Lymphocytes.- V. Morphologic Features of In Vivo and In Vitro Uropod-Bearing Lymphocytes.- VI. Absence of Uropods on Guinea Pig B Lymphocytes.- VII. Conclusion.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 2 Membrane Transport Proteins.- I. Introduction and Background.- II. Isolation of Components.- A. Membrane Preparations.- B. Osmotic-Shock Treatment.- C. Binding Assays.- III. Binding Proteins from Bacteria.- A. Inorganic Ions.- B. Amino Acids.- C. Carbohydrates.- IV. Chemotaxis and the Binding Proteins.- V. Role of the Binding Proteins in Transport.- A. Summary of Indirect Evidence.- B. Search for Direct Evidence.- VI. Summary.- References.- 3 The Membron: A Functional Hypothesis for the Translational Regulation of Genetic Expression.- I. Introduction.- II. Template Stability.- A. Microorganisms.- B. Embryonic Developments.- C. Cells of Adult Organisms.- III. Kinetics of Template Stabilization.- A. Experimental Approaches.- B. Prediction of Template Stability.- IV. Intracellular Membranes and Translational Regulation of Genetic Expression.- A. Interactions Between Polysomes and Membranes.- B. The Membrane-Conferred Stability of mRNA.- V. The Membron: Hypothetical Structure and Function.- A. General Parameters of the Regulatory Unit.- B. Theory of the Formation of Active Centers in the Membrane.- C. Conformation Change and the Membron.- D. Predictive Consequences of the Membron Hypothesis.- VI. Implications of the Membron Concept in the Regulation of Genetic Expression in Mammalian Systems.- Addendum.- Appendix I: Generation of Surfaces.- Appendix II: Conformational Membrane Changes.- References.- 4 Protein Synthesis by Membrane-Bound Polyribosomes.- I. Introduction.- II. Effects of Lipids and a Nonpolar Environment on Peptide Synthesis.- III. Effects of Lipophilic Agents on Protein Synthesis and Evidence for Initiation of Polyribosome Formation and Protein Synthesis on Membranes.- IV. A Review of the Evidence That Colicins Can Affect Protein Synthesis Without Entering the Cell.- V. Newer Evidence for the Presence of Amino Acids, Transfer RNA, Peptide Elongation Factors, Messenger RNA, and Ribosomes in Membranes.- VI. On the Possible Functions of Membrane-Bound Ribosomes.- A. Do Bound Ribosomes Make Only Secretory Proteins?.- B. Membrane-Bound Ribosomes Can Be Under the Control of the Membrane and Possibly Integrated with Other Membrane-Associated Activities.- C. Membrane-Bound Ribosomes May Take in Memory Consolidation Processes in Brain.- D. Membrane-Control of Biosynthesis in Contact Inhibition of Growth.- Addendum.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 5 Radiation Effects on Biomembranes.- I. Introduction.- A. The Genesis of Radiation Effects.- B. Measures of Radiation.- C. Direct and Indirect Effects.- D. "Weak Links".- II. Radiation Chemistry of Membrane-Associated Substances.- A. Water.- B. Proteins.- C. Lipids.- D. Sugar Radiolysis.- E. Effects of H2O2 and Radiosensitizers.- III. Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Membrane Morphology.- A. Erythrocytes.- B. Nervous Tissues.- C. Lymphoid Cells.- D. Lysosomes of Diverse Tissues.- IV. Radiation Effects on Membrane Function.- A. Transport.- B. Immune Response.- C. Axonal Conduction.- D. Lysosomes and Other Cytoplasmic Membranes.- V. Membrane SH-Groups.- VI. Nuclear Membrane.- VII. Pleiotropic Effects.- A. Survey of Data.- B. Interpretation in Terms of Cooperative Lattice Model.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 6 Protein Disposition in Biological Membranes.- I. Introduction.- II. The Lipid-Globular Protein Mosaic Model.- III. The Protein Crystal Model.- IV. Some Other Considerations.- V. Evidence for Proteins Which Penetrate and Span the Human Red Blood Cell.- VI. Conclusions.- Addendum.- Acknowledgments.- References.

Volume

v. 8 ISBN 9780306398087

Description

A coordinated approach using biochemical and immunological tools has given us a better understanding of the structure of the eukaryotic surface membrane. From such studies has emerged the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure and this volume contains a collection of articles written by noted workers in this field. A major emphasis in this area of research concerns the changes brought about on virus-induced and carcinogen-induced tumor cells. The first chapter comes from a laboratory that was one of the first to visualize the distribution of transplantation antigens on cell membrane surfaces. Various methods are described for visualizing these antigens by electron microscopy. Davis and his colleagues then proceed to show how the antibody-induced redistribution of antigenic macromolecules led to the formulation of the fluid mosaic model. From Hakomori's labora- tory comes a methodological paper describing a novel method of labeling the carbohydrate portions of the membrane glycoproteins that are exposed on the outer surfaces of cells. The two chapters reviewing the changes found on carcinogen-induced and virus-induced malignant cells complete the survey of the structures associated with surface mem- branes. Thanks are due to Mrs. Carol Garafolo who helped immeasurably with the preparation of the index for this volume.

Table of Contents

1 Distribution of Transplantation Antigens on Cell Surfaces.- 2 Intracellular Localization and Immunogenic Capacities of Phenotypic Products of Mouse Histocompatibility Genes.- 3 Cell Membrane Associated Antigens in Chemical Carcinogenesis.- 4 Organization of Glycoprotein and Glycolopid in the Plasma Membrane of Normal and Transformed Cells as Revealed by Galactose Oxidase.- 5 Surface Alterations in Cells Infected by Avian Leukosis-Sarcoma Viruses.

Volume

v. 10 ISBN 9780306402166

Description

Both science and religion are aspects of human endeavor that do not observe political constraints. It is therefore appropriate that contributions should come from many different countries for a series which attempts to chronicle developments in an interdisciplinary field such as membrane research. This volume is an excellent example of the diversity of thinking, background, and approach needed by the working scientist for his re- search planning. From Canada comes a review by Silverman and Turner of the mech- anisms by means of which the plasma membrane of the renal proximal tubule acts as a transport mediator. The two chapters that were writtyn by American scientists are excellent examples of the comparative bio- chemical approach. Inouye feels he must apologize for being interested in the outer membrane of E. coli, but it is obvious, after a reading of his chapter, that no apology is required. On the contrary, we are grateful for his drawing our attention to this system and its unique properties. Holtz- man, Gronowicz, Mercurio, and Masur are also on a consciousness- raising mission in summarizing for us a number of integrated functions of membranes using the toad bladder as an experimental system. The other two chapters of this volume come from overseas. N orthcote has again demonstrated his capacity to integrate a complex and difficult field.

Table of Contents

• 1 The Renal Proximal Tubule.- I. Introduction.- II. Morphologic Asymmetry.- III. Biochemical Asymmetry.- IV. Transport Asymmetry.- A. Sugar Transport.- B. Amino Acid Transport.- C. Phosphate Transport.- D. Uric Acid Transport.- E. Lactate Transport.- F. Paraaminohippurate Transport.- G. Anion Channels.- V. Interdependence of Tubular Transport Systems.- VI. Hormone Receptors.- VII. Structural Determinants of Epithelial Plasma Membrane Asymmetry.- VIII. Proximal Tubule Dysfunction.- A. Type I-Altered Gene Product.- B. Type II-The Fanconi Syndrome-Disorder of Membrane Energization.- C. Homology between Red Cell Membrane and the Antiluminal Membrane of the Renal Proximal Tubule.- IX. Conclusion.- X. References.- 2 The Involvement of the Golgi Apparatus in the Biosynthesis and Secretion of Glycoproteins and Polysaccharides.- I. Introduction.- II. Polysaccharide and Glycoprotein Formation.- A. Transport of Initial Glycosyl Donors to the Lumen of the Endomembrane System.- B. Assembly of Sugar Polymers on Intermediate Carriers.- C. Types of Glycoprotein and Polysaccharide Formed by the Endomembrane System.- D. Assembly of Complexes within the Golgi Apparatus.- III. Transport of the Polymers from the Endomembrane System.- A. Transport as Lipoglycoprotein.- B. Transport of Vesicles.- IV. Membrane Fusion.- A. Biochemistry of Membranes at Fusion.- B. Ultrastructure of the Membranes at Fusion.- C. Ultrastructure during the Formation of Transport Vesicles from Membranes.- D. The Fusion Process.- E. Membrane Recycling.- V. Control of Polysaccharide Formation for Secretion.- A. Formation of the Golgi Apparatus.- B. Membrane Differentiation and Change in the function of the Golgi Apparatus.- C. Control of the Activity of the Golgi Apparatus by Enzymic Regulation.- D. Control of Vesicle Fusion at the Plasma Membrane.- VI. References.- 3 Notes on the Heterogeneity, Circulation, and Modification of Membranes, with Emphasis on Secretory Cells, Photoreceptors, and the Toad Bladder.- I. Introduction.- II. Membrane Heterogeneity and the Endoplasmic Reticulum.- A. Lateral Heterogeneity in the Plasma Membrane.- B. Heterogeneity in the Endoplasmic Reticulum.- C. Three Zones of Smooth ER in Retinal Photoreceptors.- D. The Membranes of ER-Derived Organelles.- III. Membrane Diversification.- A. Bulk Transport Phenomena.- B. Specificity of Membrane Growth and Assembly.- C. Selective Redistribution of Membrane Constituents.- D. Ongoing Studies of Membrane Modification: Microorganisms and the Toad Bladder.- IV. Concluding Comments.- V. References.- 4 Lipoprotein of the Outer Membrane of Escherichia coli.- I. Introduction.- A. Is the Outer Membrane Foreign to You?.- B. What Is the Outer Membrane?.- II. Structure.- A. Bound Form of the Lipoprotein.- B. Free Form of the Lipoprotein.- C. Location and Amount of the Lipoprotein.- D. Conformation of the Lipoprotein.- III. Biosynthesis.- A. Specific Biosynthesis in Vivo.- B. Effects of Antibiotics.- C. Cell-Free Synthesis.- D. Prolipoprotein: Precursor of the Lipoprotein.- E. Structure of the Lipoprotein mRNA.- IV. Modification and Assembly.- A. Posttranslational Modification.- B. Molecular Assembly Models.- C. Interactions with Other Proteins.- D. Effects of Lipid Fluidity.- E. In Vitro Assembly.- V. Genetic Approaches.- A. Isolation of Mutants of the Lipoprotein.- B. Gene-Dosage Effects.- C. Genetic Engineering.- D. Other Gram-Negative Bacteria.- VI. Other Approaches.- A. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).- B. Mitogenic Activity.- C. Identification of Lysozyme Specificity.- VII. Conclusions.- VIII. References.- 5 Electrochemical Proton Gradient across the Membranes of Photophosphorylating Bacteria.- I. Introduction.- II. Electrochemical Potential Gradient across the Chromatophore Membrane.- A. Registration of Electric Potential Difference.- B. Registration of the Transmembranous Difference of Proton Concentrations.- III. Electrochemical Potential Gradient across the Bacteriorhodopsin Membrane.- A. Characteristics of Bacteriorhodopsin.- B. Registration of the Electrochemical Potential Gradient.- C. Proton Binding and Release during the Photoreaction Cycle.- IV. Functions of the Transmembrane Electrochemical Potential Gradient.- A. Energy Pool.- B. Polyfunctional Regulator.- V. Addendum.- VI. References.

by "Nielsen BookData"

• NCID: BA04462180
• ISBN:
  • 030639801X
  • 0306398052
  • 0306398087
  • 0306402165
• LCCN: 78140830
• Country Code: uk
• Title Language Code: eng
• Text Language Code: eng
• Place of Publication: New York
• Pages/Volumes: v.
• Size: 24 cm