Advances in corrosion science and technology

著者

• Fontana, Mars Guy
• Staehle, R. W.

書誌事項

Advances in corrosion science and technology

edited by Mars G. Fontana and Roger W. Staehle

Plenum, 1970-

• v. 1
• v. 2
• v. 3
• v. 4
• v. 5
• v. 6
• v. 7

注記

Includes bibliographies and indexes

内容説明・目次

巻冊次

v. 1 ISBN 9780306395017

内容説明

This series was organized to provide a forum for review papers in the area of corrosion. The aim of these reviews is to bring certain areas of corrosion science and technology into a sharp focus. The volumes of this series will be published approximately on a yearly basis and will each contain three to five reviews. The articles in each volume will be selected in such a way to be of interest both to the corrosion scientists and the corrosion tech- nologists. There is, in fact, a particular aim in juxtaposing these interests because of the importance of mutual interaction and interdisciplinarity so important in corrosion studies. It is hoped that the corrosion scientists in this way may stay abreast of the activities in corrosion technology and vice versa. In this series the term "corrosion" will be used in its very broadest sense. This will include, therefore, not only the degradation of metals in aqueous environment but also what is commonly referred to as "high- temperature oxidation. " Further, the plan is to be even more general than these topics; the series will include all solids and all environments. Today, engineering solids include not only metals but glasses, ionic solids, polymeric solids, and composites of these. Environments of interest must be extended to liquid metals, a wide variety of gases, nonaqueous electrolytes, and other nonaqueous liquids.

目次

1 Techniques for the Measurement of Electrode Processes at Temperatures Above 100 C.- Experimental Techniques.- Pressure Vessels and Liners.- Insulation and Sealing of Electrode Leads.- Metallized Ceramic Seals.- Compression Seals.- Line Seals.- Reference Electrodes.- High-Temperature Reference Electrodes.- External Reference Electrodes.- Application of High-Temperature Electrochemical Techniques.- Corrosion Studies.- Nonferrous Alloys.- Ferrous Materials.- Measurement of emf.- Measurement of pH.- Conductance Measurements.- Electrodeposition and Electrolysis.- Polarography.- Fuel Cells.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 2 Surface- and Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behavior.- The Nature of Crystal Surfaces.- Clean Surfaces.- Surface Structure.- Chemical Segregation at Free Surfaces.- Space-Charge Effects.- Summary.- Environmental Effects on Crystalline Solids with Clean Surfaces.- Metals.- Clean Metals in Electrolytes.- Adsorption of Surface-Active Species.- Gaseous Environments and Vacuum Effects.- Nonmetals.- Solvent Environments (Joffe Effect).- Effects of Surface-Active Species.- Effects of Solid Surface Films.- Nonmetals.- Metals.- Mechanism of Surface Barrier Effects.- Elastic Theory.- Atomistic Nature of the Film-Substrate Interface.- Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 3 Mechanism and Phenomenology of Organic Inhibitors.- Mechanisms of the Action of Organic Inhibitors.- Adsorption.- Influence of Structural Parameters on Adsorption and Inhibition.- Action of Reduction, Polymerization, or Reaction Products.- Steric Effects.- Action of the Organic Cations.- The Role of the Metal in Inhibition.- Surface Charge of the Metal.- Cold Working.- Surface State.- Surface Treatments.- Purity of the Metal.- Hydrogen Penetration.- Methods of Studying Inhibitors.- Corrosion Rate Measurements.- Electrochemical Methods.- Radiochemical Methods.- IR and UV Spectroscopic Methods.- Mass Spectrometry and NMR Methods.- Other Methods.- Determination of Inhibitor Behavior vs Hydrogen Penetration.- Organic Inhibitors in Various Aggressive Environments.- Atmospheric Corrosion Inhibitors.- Inhibitors in the Steam Zone of Industrial Installations.- Inhibitors in Aqueous Solutions.- Inhibitors in Acid Solutions.- Inhibitors in Alkaline Solutions.- Inhibitors in a Nonaqueous Environment.- Summary.- References.- 4 Anodic Oxidation of Aluminum.- Short History.- Anodizing Processes of Current Importance and Interest.- Outline of Anodic Oxidation of Aluminum.- Scope of Anodizing Electrolytes and Their Characteristics.- Sulfuric Acid.- Oxalic Acid.- Chromic Acid.- Sulfamic Acid.- Phosphoric Acid.- Bright Anodizing.- Hard Anodizing.- Integral Color Anodizing.- Coloring by Dyestuffs and Pigments.- Special Anodizing Processes.- Anodizing in Molten Salts.- Anodizing in a Nonaqueous Solvent System.- Continuous and High-Current Anodizing.- Sealing.- Mechanism of Anodic Oxidation.- Stability and Corrosion of Aluminum (Pourbaix Diagram).- Classification of Anodic Films on Metal.- Chemical Composition of Anodic Oxide Films.- Barrier Film.- Duplex Film.- Theory of Dyeing Anodic Films.- Sealing Mechanism.- Properties of Anodic Oxide Films on Aluminum.- Corrosion Problems in Anodized Aluminum.- Acknowledgment.- References.

巻冊次

v. 3 ISBN 9780306395031

内容説明

This series was organized to provide a forum for review papers in the area of corrosion. The aim of these reviews is to bring certain areas of corrosion science and technology into a sharp focus. The volumes of this series are published approximately on a yearly basis and each contains three to five reviews. The articles in each volume are sekcted in such a way as to be of interest both to the corrosion scientists and the corrosion technologists. There is, in fact, a particular aim in juxtaposing these interests because of the importance of mutual interaction and interdisciplinarity so important in corrosion studies. It is hoped that the corrosion scientists in this way may stay abreast of the activities in corrosion technology and vice versa. In this series the term "corrosion" is used in its very broadest sense. It includes, therefore, not only the degradation of metals in aqueous en- vironment but also what is commonly referred to as "high-temperature oxidation. " Further, the plan is to be even more general than these topics; the series will include all solids and all environments. Today, engineering solids include not only metals but glasses, ionic solids, polymeric solids, and composites of these. Environments of interest must be extended to liquid metals, a wide variety of gases, nonaqueous electrolytes, and other non- aqueous liquids.

目次

• 1 Corrosion and Deposition of Steels and Nickel-Base Alloys in Liquid Sodium.- Corrosion in Simple Ideal Systems.- Behavior of Steels in Liquid Na.- Chemistry of Solid-Liquid Metal Reactions.- Solubilities of Fe, Cr, and Ni in Na.- Interactions among Metal Solutes in Na.- Interactions with Nonmetals.- Diffusivities of Fe, Cr, and Ni in Liquid Na.- Nature and Kinetics of Reactions at the Solid-Liquid Interface.- Corrosion and Deposition Observations.- Initial Corrosion of Steels in Na.- Effects of Oxygen on Corrosion of Steels and Ni-Base Alloys in Na.- Effects of Sodium Velocity on Corrosion of Steels and Ni-Base Alloys.- Effects of System Geometry on Corrosion Rate.- Effect of Temperature and Differential Temperature.- Deposition of the Corrosion Products in Sodium Systems.- Summary of Corrosion and Deposition Observations.- Corrosion Models.- General Models for Liquid Metal Corrosion.- Recent Hypotheses.- Proposed Model for the Corrosion of Stainless Steels in Na.- Discussion of the Proposed Corrosion Equation.- Quantitative Comparison between the Corrosion Equation (38) and Experimentally Observed Corrosion Rates.- Predictions of the Model.- Corrosion of Stainless Steels in Oxygen-Free Sodium.- Behavior of Minor Constituents of the Stainless Steel.- Summary.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 2 Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys.- Physical Metallurgy of Titanium.- Allotropy of Titanium.- Phase Transformations in Titanium Alloys.- Deformation Modes of Titanium and Its Alloys.- Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Aspects of Commercial Alloys.- Effect of Interstitial Elements on the Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloys.- Electrochemistry of Titanium.- Chemistry.- Thermodynamics.- Kinetics.- Reactions in Organic Solvents.- Reactions in Molten Salts.- Reactions in N2O4.- Presentation of Stress-Corrosion Cracking Data.- Mechanical Variables.- Environmental Variables.- Metallurgical Variables.- Fracture.- Morphology of Fracture.- Fracture in Aqueous Solutions.- Fracture in Methanolic Solutions.- Fracture in Other Organic Liquids.- Fracture in Nitrogen Tetroxide.- Fracture in Red Fuming Nitric Acid.- Fracture in Hot Salts.- Fracture in Molten Salts.- Fracture in Liquid Metals.- Crack Branching.- Features of Crack Propagation.- Discussion.- Basic Problems.- Models of SCC.- Practical Aspects of SCC of Titanium Alloys.- Industrial Uses of Titanium.- Design Considerations.- Material Selection.- Practical Application of SCC Data.- Prevention of SCC in Titanium Alloys.- Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 3 Intergranular Corrosion of Iron-Nickel-Chromium Alloys.- The Iron-Nickel-Chromium System.- Review of Iron-Nickel-Chromium Metallurgy.- Review of the Electrochemistry of Iron-Nickel-Chromium Alloys.- Phenomenology and Models.- Sensitization of Austenitic Stainless Steels.- Sensitization of High-Nickel Alloys.- Sensitization of Ferrite Stainless Steels.- Duplex Stainless Steels.- Welding and Intergranular Attack.- Environmental Variables.- Intergranular Corrosion without Sensitization.- Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking.- Experimental Techniques and Method.- Chemical and Electrochemical Tests.- Electrochemical Tests.- Correlation of Tests with Service Environments.- Metallographic Techniques
• Structural Analysis.- Miscellaneous Techniques.- Summary.- References.- Note Added in Proof.

巻冊次

v. 4 ISBN 9780306395048

内容説明

This series was organized to provide a forum for review papers in the area of corrosion. The aim of these reviews is to bring certain areas of corrosion science and technology into a sharp focus. The volumes of this series are published approximately on a yearly basis and each contains three to five reviews. The articles in each volume are selected in such a way as to be of interest both to the corrosion scientists and the corrosion technologists. There is, in fact, a particular aim in juxtaposing these interests because of the importance of mutual interaction and interdisciplinarity so important in corrosion studies. It is hoped that the corrosion scientists in this way may stay abreast of the activities in corrosion technology and vice versa. In this series the term "corrosion" is used in its very broadest sense. It includes, therefore, not only the degradation of metals in aqueous en- vironment but also what is commonly referred to as "high-temperature oxidation. " Further, the plan is to be even more general than these topics; the series will include all solids and all environments. Today, engineering solids include not only metals but glasses, ionic solids, polymeric solids, and composites of these. Environments of interest must be extended to liquid metals, a wide variety of gases, nonaqueous electrolytes, and other non- aqueous liquids.

目次

1 The Mechanical Properties and Breakdown of Surface Films at Elevated Temperatures.- Stresses Developed During Isothermal Oxidation.- Volume Ratio of the Metal and the Oxide Produced.- Influence of Epitaxial Relationships between Metal and Surface Oxide.- Effect of Composition Changes in the Metal and Oxide during Exposure.- Influence of Vacancy Generation in the Substrate Metal.- Influence of Specimen Geometry on Stresses Developed in Surface Oxides.- Stresses Developed During Thermal Cycling Conditions.- Effect of Superimposed Stresses on the Mechanical Stability of Oxide Scales.- Behavior of Bulk Oxides under Stress.- Behavior of Surface Oxides under Stress.- Methods of Measuring Mechanical Properties of Oxides.- Measurement of Internal Stresses in Surface Oxides.- Measurement of Elastic and Plastic Properties of Oxides.- Measurement of Interfacial Adhesive Properties.- Mechanisms of Stress Relief.- Elastic Failure of the Scale.- Stress Relief by Plastic Deformation of the Scale.- Deformation of the Substrate Metal.- Detachment at the Metal-Scale Interface.- Influence of Corrosive Contaminants on Oxide Stability.- Methods of Improving Mechanical Properties of Surface Oxides.- General Conclusions.- References.- 2 Anodic Dissolution of Metals-Anomalous Valence.- Transitory or Uncommon Ion Mechanism.- Related Phenomena.- Anodic Disintegration.- Film Control Mechanisms.- Difference Effect.- Anodic Dissolution of Metals.- Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium.- Beryllium and Magnesium.- Zinc and Cadmium.- Discussion.- References.- 3 Corrosion of Metals in Organic Solvents.- Classification of Organic Solvents According to Their Properties And Corrosivities.- Solvation in Organic Solvents-Protic and Aprotic Solvents.- One-Component and Multicomponent Systems.- One-Phase and Multiphase Systems.- Thermodynamics and Stoichiometry.- Reaction Types and Stoichiometry.- General Thermodynamic Relationships and Calculations.- Acidity in Amphiprotic Media.- pH Values in Organic Solvents.- Electrochemical Acidity Functions in Organic Solvents.- Electrode Potentials in Organic Solvents.- Corrosion Potentials in Organic Solvents.- Kinetics and Mechanisms.- Solvent Properties Important for Reaction Kinetics.- Discussion of Partial Reactions and Their Parameters.- Influence of the Metal Phase.- Influence of the Medium Phase.- Electrode Potentials and Currents.- Influence of Temperature.- Electrochemical and "Chemical" Corrosion Mechanisms.- Mechanistic Findings on Specific Corrosion Phenomena- Cracking.- Borderline Mechanisms to High-Temperature Corrosion.- Corrosion Failures and Their Prevention.- Case Histories.- Tabular Summary of Corrosion Failures and Their Prevention.- Phenomenology of Attack-Deterioration of the Environment.- Principles of Corrosion Prevention in Organic Solvents.- Conclusions.- References.- 4 Chromium Depletion and Void Formation in Fe-Ni-Cr Alloys During Molten Salt Corrosion and Related Processes.- Chemical Reactions.- Molten Fluoride Salts.- Molten Chloride Salts.- Liquid Metals.- Oxidation.- Reducing, Oxidizing, and Carburizing Environments, Including Hot Corrosion.- Heat Treatment.- Vaporization.- Sensitization.- Sigma Formation.- Summary.- References.

巻冊次

v. 5 ISBN 9780306395055

内容説明

This series was organized to provide a forum for review papers in the area of corrosion. The aim of these reviews is to bring certain areas of corrosion science and technology into a sharp focus. The volumes of this series are published approximately on a yearly basis and each contains three to five reviews. The articles in each volume are selected in such a way as to be of interest both to the corrosion scientists and the corrosion technologists. There is, in fact, a particular aim in juxtaposing these interests because of the importance of mutual interaction and interdisciplinarity so important in corrosion studies. It is hoped that the corrosion scientists in this way may stay abreast of the activities in corrosion technology and vice versa. In this series the term "corrosion" is used in its very broadest sense. It includes, therefore, not only the degradation of metals in aqueous en- vironment but also what is commonly referred to as "high-temperature oxidation. " Further, the plan is to be even more general than these topics; the series will include all solids and all environments. Today, engineering solids include not only metals but glasses, ionic solids, polymeric solids, and composites of these. Environments of interest must be extended to liquid metals, a wide variety of gases, nonaqueous electrolytes, and other non- aqueous liquids.

目次

1 Surface Chemistry and Corrosion of Glass.- The Nature of Glass.- Structure.- Glass Composition.- Chemical Attack on Glass: Tests for Durability.- Powder Tests.- Weight Loss Tests.- Solubility of Silica.- Glass Structure and Ion Selectivity.- Chemical Attack on Glass.- General Considerations.- Water and Steam.- Acid Solutions.- Alkaline Solutions.- Chelating Agents.- Sulfur Dioxide and Sulfur Trioxide.- Ion Exchange in Molten Salts.- Phase Separation.- Surface Chemistry.- Miscellanea.- Weathering of Glass Surfaces.- Corrosion Resistance of Ceramics.- High-Temperature Attack on Glasses and Glass Ceramics.- Utilization of Corrosion Effects.- Summary.- References.- 2 Halogen Corrosion of Metals.- Pertinent Properties of Binary Metal Halides.- Thermodynamic Properties.- Melting Temperatures.- Diffusion Properties.- Vapor Pressures.- Experimental Methods Used to Study Metal-Halogen Reactions.- Manometric Method.- Gravimetric Method.- Photometric Method.- Electrical Resistance Method.- Quartz Crystal Microbalance.- Reaction Morphologies, Mechanisms, and Kinetics.- Reaction of Pure Metals.- Reaction of Alloys.- Laboratory Studies of Halogen Attack on Metals and Alloys.- Nickel and Nickel Alloys.- Copper and Copper Alloys.- Iron and Iron Alloys.- Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys.- Other Metals.- Conclusions.- References.- 3 Oxidation of Zirconium and Its Alloys.- Historical Development.- Influence of the Nuclear Reactor Industry on Development.- Comparison of General Features of Gaseous Oxidation and Aqueous Corrosion.- Oxidation in Dry Gases.- Oxygen and Air.- Carbon Dioxide.- Molten Sodium.- Fused Salts.- Oxidation in High-Temperature Aqueous Environments.- Historical Background.- Corrosion in Water and Steam.- Corrosion in Organic Coolants.- Oxidation Mechanisms.- Zircaloy-Type Alloys.- Zr-Nb Alloys.- Other Alloys.- Hydrogen Absorption.- Hydrogen Absorption from Gaseous Hydrogen.- Hydrogen Absorption via the Decomposition of H2O.- References.

巻冊次

v. 6 ISBN 9780306395062

内容説明

This series was organized to provide a forum for review papers in the area of corrosion. The aim of these reviews is to bring certain areas of corrosion science and technology into a sharp focus. The volumes of this series are published approximately on a yearly basis and each contains three to five reviews. The articles in each volume are selected in such a way as to be of interest both to the corrosion scientists and the corrosion technologists. There is, in fact, a particular aim in juxtaposing these interests because of the importance of mutual interaction and interdisciplinarity so important in corrosion studies. It is hoped that the corrosiori scientists in this way may stay abreast of the activities in corrosion technology and vice versa. In this series the term "corrosion" is used in its very broadest sense. It includes, therefore, not only the degradation of metals in aqueous en- vironment but also what is commonly referred to as "high-temperature oxidation. " Further, the plan is to be even more general than these topics; the series will include all solids and all environments. Today, engineering solids include not only metals but glasses, ionic solids, polymeric solids, and composites of these. Environments of interest must be extended to liquid metals, a wide variety of gases, nonaqueous electrolytes, and other non- aqueous liquids.

目次

1 Protection of Superalloys for Turbine Application.- Protection System Selection.- Service Requirements.- Alloy Substrate.- Protection Systems.- Classification.- Diffusion Coatings.- Overlay Claddings.- Ceramic Barriers.- Processing Techniques.- HIP Cladding.- Hot Dipping.- Hot Metal Spraying.- Slurry Coating.- Electrophoresis.- Electroplating.- Metalliding.- Vapor Deposition.- Sputtering.- Glow Discharge Impregnation.- Pack Cementation.- Pack Coatings: Fundamental Aspects.- Stability of Aluminide Phases.- Identification of Phases.- Mass Transfer in Aluminide Phases.- Vapor Phase Reactions and Processes.- Mechanisms of Coating Formation.- General Comments.- Coating Degradation.- Degradation Mechanisms.- General Comments.- Testing and Inspection.- Coating Performance.- Oxidation Resistance.- Hot Corrosion Resistance.- Mechanical Properties.- Conclusions and Recommendations.- References.- 2 Hydrogen Embrittlement and Stress Corrosion Cracking of Uranium and Uranium Alloys.- Polymorphism in Uranium.- Phase Transformations in Uranium Alloys.- Embrittlement and Cracking Trends.- Systems that Embrittle and/or Stress Corrosion Crack.- Uranium.- Uranium-Titanium Alloys.- Uranium-Molybdenum Alloys.- Uranium-Niobium Alloys.- Uranium-Niobium-Zirconium Alloys.- Polynary Alloys.- Effect of the Environment on Embrittlement and Stress Corrosion Cracking in Uranium and Uranium Alloys.- Gases.- Electrolytes.- Effect of Temperature.- The Effects of Metallurgical Parameters on Embrittlement and Stress Corrosion Cracking.- Heat Treatment.- Cold Work.- Surface Condition.- Grain Size.- Specimen Orientation.- Impurities.- Mechanisms.- Hydride Formation.- Anodic Dissolution.- Oxide Stress Generation.- Protective Coatings.- Oxides.- Organic.- Metallic.- Summary.- References.- 3 The Polarization Resistance Technique for Measuring Corrosion Currents.- Historic Development.- Derivation of Basic Equations.- The Constant in the Equation.- Theoretical Values.- Theoretical Polarization Curves for Different Combinations of Tafel Slopes.- Experimental Determination of the Constant B.- Errors due to Uncertainty of the Value of the Tafel Slopes.- The Question of Linearity.- Limitations and Problems.- Contribution from Additional Redox Reactions.- Effect of Electrolyte Resistance.- Chemical Corrosion.- Experimental Techniques and Instrumentation.- Laboratory Experiments.- Corrosion Rate Meters.- Applications of Polarization Resistance Technique.- Related Techniques.- The Technique of Engell.- The Technique of Barnartt.- Impedance Techniques.- The Method of Oldham and Mansfeld.- The Methods of Mansfeld.- References Related to the Polarization Resistance Technique.- Related References.

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詳細情報

• NII書誌ID(NCID): BA04574060
• ISBN:
  • 0306395010
  • 0306395029
  • 0306395037
  • 0306395045
  • 0306395053
  • 0306395061
• LCCN: 76107531
• 出版国コード: us
• タイトル言語コード: eng
• 本文言語コード: eng
• 出版地: New York
• ページ数/冊数: v.
• 大きさ: 24 cm