Subcellular biochemistry

著者

• Roodyn, D. B.
• Harris, J. R.

書誌事項

Subcellular biochemistry

Plenum Press

• v. 5
• v. 6
• v. 7
• v. 8
• v. 9
• v. 10
• v. 11

タイトル別名

SCBI

注記

On t.p. of v. 13: Series editor, J.R. Harris

Includes bibliographical references and index

v. 5-7: edited by Donald B. Roodyn

v. 9-11: edited by Donald B. Roodyn

v. 12- : edited by J. Robin Harris

子書誌あり

v. 38, 45, 65: Published by Springer

内容説明・目次

巻冊次

v. 5 ISBN 9780306334054

内容説明

The transition from the quarterly Sub-Cellular Biochemistry to the annual SUBCELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY is a good opportunity to restate the aims and scope of this publication. They were originally given (in Volume 1 No. 1) as follows: This review and essay journal ...brings together work on a wide range of topics in sub-cellular biochemistry in the hope of stimulating progress towards an integrated view of the cell. It deals with the biochemistry and general biology of nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, chloroplasts, cell membranes, ribosomes, cell sap, flagellae and other specialized cell components. In addition to articles dealing with conventional biochemical studies on sub-cellular struc- tures, the journal publishes articles on the genetics, evolution and biogenesis of cell organelles, bioenergetics, membrane behaviour and the interaction between cell structures, particularly between nucleus and cytoplasm. The first four volumes (in the quarterly format) fulfilled many, but not all, of these stated aims, and it is hoped that further articles in the new annual series will soon fill any deficiencies in the range of topics covered. Over the years we have intentionally not interpreted the title of the publication in a too literal sense. Although we have included specific articles on individual subcellular fractions (and certainly hope to do so again) the publication is definitely not only concerned with studies on the biochemistry of isolated cell fractions. The primary target is the "integrated view of the cell.

目次

1 The Mitochondrial Translation System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Components.- 2.1. Ribosomes.- 2.2. Transfer RNAs.- 2.3. Messenger RNAs.- 3. Protein Biosynthesis.- 3.1. Requirements for Amino Acid Incorporation by Mitochondria in Vitro.- 3.2. Requirements for Protein Synthesis on Isolated mt Ribosomes and Polyribosomes.- 3.3. Mitochondrial Peptide Chain Initiation.- 3.4. Mitochondrial Peptide Chain Elongation.- 3.5. Mitochondrial Peptide Chain Termination.- 3.6. Polyribosomes.- 3.7. Transcription-Translation Complexes.- 4. Products of the Mitochondrial Translation System.- 4.1. Methods of Specifically Identifying mt Translation Products.- 4.2. The Physical Nature of Mitochondrial Translation Products.- 4.3. Identification of Products of Mitochondrial Translation.- 4.4. Summary.- 5. Epilogue.- 6. References.- 2 The H1 Class of Histone and Diversity in Chromosomal Structure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Physical Properties and Evolution of the H1 Histone.- 3. The Multiplicity of H1 Histones in Higher Organisms.- 4. Changes in the H1 Histone Complement during Development.- 5. Histone Synthesis and Histone Genes.- 6. The Phosphorylation of H1 Histones.- 6.1. Cyclic AMP and H1 Histone Phosphorylation.- 6.2. Cell Replication and H1 Histone Phosphorylation.- 6.3. A Summary of Phosphorylation Sites.- 7. The Conformations of H1 Histone.- 8. A Unifying Overview of the H1 Histones.- 9. References.- 3 Cellular Changes in the Small Intestine Epithelium in the Course of Cell Proliferation and Maturation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Kinetic Pattern of Cell Proliferation and Renewal in Small Intestine.- 2.1. Epithelial Crypts and Cell Proliferation.- 2.2. Intestinal Epithelium and Cell Migration.- 2.3. Discussion.- 3. The Cell Cycle in the Intestinal Crypt.- 3.1. Biochemistry of the Cell Cycle.- 3.2. Hormonal Regulation of Cell Proliferation.- 4. Differentiation of the Normal Intestinal Cell.- 4.1. Morphological Events during Differentiation in Small Intestine.- 4.2. Biochemical Events of the Differentiation in Small Intestine.- 4.3. Biochemistry and Physiology of the Five Types of Cells of the Small Intestinal Epithelium.- 5. Cell Proliferation and Differentiation in the Damaged Epithelium.- 5.1. Resection of the Small Intestine.- 5.2. Irradiation of the Small Intestine.- 5.3. Celiac Sprue.- 5.4. Chemical and Toxic Damage.- 5.5. Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. References.- 4 Plant Growth Substances as Modulators of Transcription.- 1. Perspectives and Concepts.- 1.1. The Transcription Process.- 1.2. The Plant Growth Substance Receptor Concept.- 2. Eukaryotic Control of Transcription.- 2.1. DNA-Binding Proteins Involved in Transcription.- 2.2. DNA Binding of Hormone Receptors and Transcription.- 2.3. Modification of RNA Polymerase.- 3. Receptor Proteins of Plant Growth Substances and Transcription.- 4. Plant Growth Substances and Their Action on Transcription.- 4.1. Auxins and RNA Synthesis in Vivo and in Vitro.- 4.2. Gibberellin and RNA Synthesis in Vivo and in Vitro.- 4.3. Cytokinin and RNA Synthesis in Vivo and in Vitro.- 4.4. Abscisic acid and RNA Synthesis in Vivo and in Vitro.- 5. Proposed Hypothesis for the Mechanism of Auxin Action with Special Emphasis on Transcription.- 6. Conclusion.- 7. References.- 5 Molecular Structure of Biological Membranes: Functional Characterization.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Remarks on Membrane Structure.- 3. Asymmetrical Distribution of Proteins and Lipids.- 4. Plasma Membrane in Epithelial Cells.- 4.1. Junctional Plasma Membranes.- 4.2. Nonjunctional Plasma Membranes.- 5. Postsynaptic Membrane of the Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction.- 6. Plasma Membrane of the Fungus Phycomyces.- 7. Plasma Membrane of Dictyostelium discoideum.- 8. Bacterial Membranes.- 8.1. Purple Membrane of Halobacterium.- 8.2. Plasma Membrane of Bacteria.- 9. Interaction between Membranes, Microtubules, Myosin, and Actin in Nonmuscle Cells.- 10. Conclusion.- 11. References.- 6 Membrane Assembly and Turnover.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Synthesis of Membrane Components and Their Transfer to Sites of Assembly.- 2.1. Membrane Lipids.- 2.2. Membrane Proteins.- 2.3. Glycoprotein Assembly.- 3. The Assembly of the Endoplasmic Reticulum.- 3.1. Is the Endoplasmic Reticulum Synthesized and Turned Over as a Unit?.- 3.2. Are New Membranes Assembled at Specific Sites?.- 4. Plasma Membrane Assembly and Turnover.- 4.1. Intracellular Synthetic Pathways in Selected Systems Active in Synthesizing Membrane Components.- 4.2. The Turnover of the Plasma Membrane.- 5. Mechanisms of Removal of Plasma Membrane Components.- 6. The Removal of Excess Plasma Membrane during Secretion.- 7. Future Perspectives.- 8. References.- 7 Structural Compartmentation of the Cytosol: Zones of Exclusion, Zones of Adhesion, Cytoskeletal and Intercisternal Elements.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Zones of Exclusion.- 2.1. The Golgi Apparatus Zone of Exclusion and Its Structured Components.- 2.2. A Zone of Exclusion Containing Microfilaments: A Portion of the Cell Cortex.- 2.3. Other Examples of Zones of Exclusion.- 2.4. Zones of Exclusion and Cell Function.- 2.5. Coated Membrane Surfaces: Restricted to Zones of Exclusion?.- 3. Zones of Adhesion.- 3.1. Golgi Apparatus Zone of Adhesion.- 3.2. Other Examples of Zones of Adhesion.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. Summary.- 6. References.- Recent Books in Cell Biochemistry and Biology.- 1. Membranes and Receptors.- 2. Genetics.- 3. Cell Biology and Bioenergetics.- 4. General Topics.

巻冊次

v. 6 ISBN 9780306401138

内容説明

This volume continues the tradition of SUBCELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY of trying to break down interdisciplinary barriers in the study of cell function and of bringing the reader's attention to less well studied, but nevertheless useful, biological systems. We start with an extensive article by T. P. Karpetsky, M. S. Boguski and C. C. Levy on the structure, properties and possible functions of polyadenylic acid. Apart from revealing a general lack of appreciation of many important aspects of the chemical properties of poly adenylic acid, the literature also shows that there is a great gulf between those who study the biological role of polyadenylic acid. and those who study its physicochemi- cal properties. The article by Karpetsky and his colleagues is an attempt to overcome this lack of communication and to present an integrated view of the subject. The authors go into the subject in full detail and the more biologically inclined reader may on occasion have to reread his nucleic acid physical chemistry notes! However, the effort is worthwhile and the article is a timely reminder that we cannot treat nucleic acids as mere abstractions, but that they are complex organic macromolecules capable of equally complex, but nevertheless important, interactions. The next article is by J. Steensgaard and N. P. Hundahl M0ller and deals with computer simulation of density gradient centrifugation systems.

目次

1 Structures, Properties, and Possible Biological Functions of Polyadenylic Acid.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Isolation and Detection of Poly(A).- 2.1. Methodology.- 2.2. Determination of the Size of Poly(A) Segments.- 3. Messenger RNA and the 3?-Terminal Poly(A) Sequence.- 3.1. Occurrence of Poly(A) in Living Organisms.- 3.2. Poly(A) Sequences in Prokaryotes.- 3.3. Messenger RNA Lacking Poly(A).- 3.4. Complexes of Poly(A) with Amino Acids and Proteins.- 4. Possible Biological Functions of Poly(A).- 4.1. Covalent Linkage of Poly(A) RNA.- 4.2. Transport of mRNA from the Nucleus to the Cytoplasm.- 4.3. Poly(A) and the Stability of mRNA.- 4.4. Poly(A) Involvement in the Binding of mRNA to Membranes.- 4.5. 3?-Terminal Poly(A) Sequences of mRNA and Protein Synthesis.- 4.6. Summary.- 5. Structure of Poly(A).- 5.1. Poly(A) at Neutral pH.- 5.2. Acidic Forms of Poly(A).- 5.3. Effect of Substituents on Poly(A) Structure.- 5.4. Synthesis of Analogues of Poly(A).- 5.5. Influence of Metal Ions on the Structure of Poly(A).- 6. Interaction of Poly(A) with Monomers and Polymers.- 6.1. Complexes of Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Compounds and Poly(A).- 6.2. Complexes of Poly(A) and Complementary Monomers.- 6.3. Interaction of Poly(A) with Poly(U) and Other Complementary Polynucleotides.- 7. Conclusions.- 8. References.- 2 Computer Simulation of Density-Gradient Centrifugation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Some Aspects of the Basic Theory of Gradient Centrifugation.- 3. The Indirect Approach to Simulation of Gradient Centrifugation.- 4. The Compartmental Approach to Simulation of Gradient Centrifugation.- 5. The Analytical Approach to Simulation of Gradient Centrifugation.- 6. General Discussion.- 7. References.- 3 Crown-Gall and Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Survey of a Plant-Cell-Transformation System of Interest to Medicine and Agriculture.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Overview of the Process of Plant-Cell Transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.- 3. Conditions for Plant-Cell Transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.- 3.1. Dicotyledonous Host Plants or Gymnosperms.- 3.2. A Temperature below 30 C.- 3.3. A Wound or Wound Stimulus.- 4. Properties and Products of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.- 4.1. Induction of Crown-Galls.- 4.2. General Properties and Classification.- 4.3. Differential Ability to Use Unusual Amino Acids as Sole Nitrogen Source.- 4.4. Production of Plant Growth Substances.- 4.5. Production of Polysaccharides.- 4.6. Production of Vitamins.- 4.7. Production of Antibiotics.- 5. Molecular Components, Genetic Systems, and Search for the Tumor-Inducing Principle (TIP) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.- 5.1. DNA and DNA Plasmids.- 5.2. An RNA Polymerase and Its Components.- 5.3. RNA.- 5.4. Ribosomes and Their Components.- 5.5. Bacteriophages and Their Components.- 6. Attempts to Define the Crown-Gall Tumor Cell.- 6.1. Transplantability.- 6.2. Presence of Unusual Amino Acids.- 6.3. Autonomy.- 6.4. Accelerated Growth Rate.- 6.5. Limited Capacity for Differentiation.- 7. On the Genetic Basis of the Formation of the Crown-Gall Tumor Cell.- 7.1. Experiments on the Reversion and Suppression of the Tumorous State.- 7.2. Experiments Directed to the Detection of Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genes and Gene Products in Crown-Gall Tumor Cells.- 8. Medical and Agricultural Interest in Crown-Gall/ Agrobacterium Research.- 9. References.- 4 The Petite Mutation in Yeast.- 1. Discovery and Initial Characterization.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Discovery.- 1.3. Genetic and Biochemical Characterization.- 2. Cytology and Ultrastructure of Petite Mutants.- 3. Mitochondrial DNA in Petite Mutants.- 3.1. Grande Yeast Mitochondrial DNA.- 3.2. Petite Yeast Mitochondrial DNA.- 3.3. Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis.- 4. Mitochondrial RNA in Petite Mutants.- 4.1. Grande Yeast Mitochondrial RNA.- 4.2. Petite Yeast Mitochondrial RNA.- 5. Mitochondrial Proteins in Petite Mutants.- 5.1. Synthesis of Mitochondrial Proteins.- 5.2. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Other Enzymes.- 5.3. Respiratory-Chain Components.- 5.4. Mitochondrial Adenosine Triphosphatase.- 5.5. Mitochondrial Transport Systems.- 6. Induction of the Petite Mutation.- 6.1. Temperature and Nutritional Effects.- 6.2. Inhibitors of Mitochondrial Macromolecular Synthesis.- 6.3. Miscellaneous Chemical Mutagens.- 6.4. Additional Mutagenic Treatments.- 6.5. Spontaneous Mutation.- 6.6. Antagonists of Petite Mutation.- 7. Petite Mutants and Mitochondrial Genetics.- 7.1. Suppressiveness.- 7.2. Petite Deletion Analysis.- 7.3. Petite Marker Rescue.- 8. Petite-Negative Yeasts.- 9. The Petite Mutation: A Broader View.- 10. Appendix: Abbreviations and Terms.- 11. References.- 5 The Role of Lipids in the Structure and Function of Membranes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Properties of the Lipid Bilayer.- 2.1. Lamellar Systems.- 2.2. Thermotropic Phase Changes and Phase Separations.- 2.3. Lipid Viscosity.- 2.4. Summarizing Concepts.- 3. Lipid-Protein Interactions and Lipid Organization in Membranes.- 3.1. Lipid-Protein Interactions.- 3.2. Asymmetry of Membrane Components.- 3.3. Protein Mobility.- 4. Effects of Lipids and Their Physical State on the Properties of Biomembranes.- 4.1. Means Employed to Investigate the Effects of Lipids in Membrane Functions.- 4.2. Permeability and Transport.- 4.3. Lipids and Enzyme Activity.- 4.4. Effects of Lipids on Hormonal Response.- 4.5. Lipids and Other Membrane Properties.- 4.6. Coenzymatic Function of Lipids.- 5. Roles of Lipids in Membrane Functions.- 5.1. Lipids Represent a Binding Surface for Proteins.- 5.2. Latency and Compartmentation.- 5.3. Lipids Provide a Hydrophobic Medium or a Binding Interface.- 5.4. Molecularization and Membrane Formation.- 5.5. Conformational Role of Lipids.- 6. Summary.- 7. References.- 6 Dehydrogenases of the Plasma Membrane.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Extrinsic Dehydrogenases.- 2.1. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase.- 2.2. Lactic Dehydrogenase.- 2.3. Other Dehydrogenases.- 3. Intrinsic Dehydrogenases.- 3.1. NADH Dehydrogenases.- 3.2. Selective Inhibition of Plasma Membrane NADH Dehydrogenase.- 3.3. NADPH Dehydrogenases.- 3.4. Xanthine Oxidase.- 3.5. Other Dehydrogenases.- 4. Relationship of Dehydrogenases to Membrane function.- 4.1. Energy-Linked Transport.- 4.2. Metabolic Conversions.- 4.3. Peroxide or Superoxide Generation.- 4.4. Redox Control of Plasma Membrane Functions.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. References.- 7 Transport Processes in Membranes: A Consideration of Membrane Potential across Thick and Thin Membranes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biological and Lipid Bilayer Membranes.- 2.1. Chemical Constituents and Physical Structure.- 2.2. Properties of "Undoped" Bilayer Membranes and Biomembranes.- 2.3. Properties of "Doped" Bilayer Membranes and Biomembranes.- 3. Membrane Potential.- 3.1. Donnan Potential.- 3.2. Diffusion Potential.- 3.3. Theories of Membrane Potential.- 3.4. Distribution, Surface, or Interfacial Potentials.- 3.5. Applications of the Gouy-Chapman Double-Layer Theory.- 3.6. Adsorption Approach to Membrane Potential.- 4. Summary.- 5. Appendix: Mathematical and Electrochemical Terms and Symbols.- 6. References.- Some Recent Books in Cell Biochemistry and Biology.- 1. Molecular Biology and Cell Organelles.- 2. Membrane Research.- 3. Plant Biochemistry and Morphology.- 4. Educational Texts.

巻冊次

v. 8 ISBN 9780306407093

内容説明

In this volume of SUBCELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY we cover a wide range of topics of considerable biological importance and have continued in our policy of letting authors, rather than editors, decide the "natural" length of their articles. Thus, we have some short but nevertheless significant contributions, as well as more massive chapters. We start with a detailed account by 1. Oelze of the composition and development of the bacterial photosynthetic apparatus. A number of photosynthetic bacteria are discussed, with particular emphasis on the well-studied Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas sphae- roides. The reader will no doubt be struck by the great wealth of information now available on the molecular organization of the photosynthetic and respi- ratory systems in these organisms. Equally important is our improved under- standing of the biosynthesis and assembly of these systems. It is now generally accepted that photosynthetic bacteria are excellent model systems for the study of bioenergetic processes. It may well be that they will become equally popular as models for the study of membrane biogenesis, and it is to be hoped that Oelze's erudite and comprehensive treatment of the subject will help in this regard.

目次

1 Composition and Development of the Bacterial Photosynthetic Apparatus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure and Function of Membranes.- 2.1. Chemical Composition of Isolated Membranes.- 2.2. Physical Properties of Isolated Membranes.- 2.3. The Photosynthetic Apparatus.- 2.4. The Respiratory Electron Transport System.- 2.5. Energy-Requiring Reactions Linked to Electron Transport.- 2.6. Reconstitution of Light-Dependent Reactions in Photosynthetically Incompetent Membranes.- 3. Development of Membranes and Its Regulation.- 3.1. Bacteriochlorophyll Synthesis.- 3.2. Differentiation of the Cellular Membrane System.- 4. Comparative Aspects.- 5. References.- 2 The Cascade of Membrane Events during Development of Dictyostelium discoideum.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Dictyostelium Development.- 1.2. Processes Mediated by the Plasma Membrane.- 2. General Composition and Structure of the Membrane.- 2.1. Isolation Techniques.- 2.2. Changes in the Phenotype of the Membrane during Development.- 3. Functions of the Plasma Membrane during Development.- 3.1. Chemotaxis.- 3.2. Aggregation.- 3.3. Cell-Cell Interaction.- 4. Summary.- 5. References.- 3 Tubulin and the Microtubule System in Cellular Growth and Development.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Occurrence and Function of Microtubules.- 1.2. Structure of Microtubules.- 2. Biochemical Characterization of Microtubule Proteins.- 2.1. Purification of Tubulin.- 2.2. Heterogeneity in Tubulin.- 2.3. Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Nucleotide in Microtubules.- 2.4. Enzyme Activities Associated with Microtubule Proteins.- 2.5. Proteins Associated with Microtubules.- 2.6. Microheterogeneity in Tubulin.- 3. Microtubule Assembly.- 3.1. Conditions of Assembly.- 3.2. Role of Nucleotides in Assembly.- 3.3. Accessory Factors for Assembly.- 3.4. Mechanism of Assembly in Vitro.- 3.5. Regulation of Microtubule Assembly.- 4. Antimicrotubular Agents.- 4.1. Colchicine and Its Structural Analogs.- 4.2. Podophyllotoxin.- 4.3. Vinblastine and Vincristine.- 4.4. Griseofulvin.- 4.5. Other Microtubule Poisons.- 4.6. The Mechanism of Substoichiometric Antimitotic Drug Poisoning.- 5. Microtubules in Growth and Development.- 5.1. Relation of Microtubules to Morphogenesis and Maturation of Disk-Shaped Blood Cells.- 5.2. Relation of Microtubules to Morphogenesis in Other Cells.- 5.3. Relation of Microtubules to Other Cell Organelles and Structures.- 5.4. Tubulin-Microtubule Association with Membrane Structures in Relation to Cell Transformation.- 5.5. Tubulin-Microtubule Association with Plant Cell Membrane.- 5.6. Biosynthesis of Tubulin.- 5.7. Posttranslational Modification.- 5.8. Tubulin mRNA in Developing Systems.- 6. Cloning of the Tubulin Gene.- 7. Conclusion.- 8. References.- 4 Nucleus and Cytoplasm: Supply and Demand. What Underlies the Flow of Genetic Information?.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interdependence and Complementarity of Central and Peripheral Mechanisms in the Control of Gene Expression.- 2.1. Regulation of Protein Synthesis: Control at the Transcriptional Level Is Necessary.- 2.2. Regulation of Protein Synthesis: Transcription Alone Is Not Sufficient.- 3. Some Hypotheses on Posttranscriptional Regulation.- 3.1. "Cascade Regulation" Model.- 3.2. "Ticketing" Model.- 3.3. Model Involving Cytoplasmic Inhibitors of mRNA Function.- 3.4. Autogenous Regulation of Gene Expression.- 3.5. Attenuation as a Mechanism for Differential Gene Activity.- 3.6. Hypothesis Proposing a Regulatory Role for Repetitive Sequences.- 3.7. Hypothesis of "Splicer" RNAs.- 4. The Cytoplasm as a Source of Genome-Reprogramming Activity.- 5. A Model for Cytoplasm-Governed Gene Regulation.- 5.1. Qualitative Redundancy of Transcription as a Consequence of Structural Organization of the Genome.- 5.2. Selective RNA Transport as a Mechanism for Controlling Transcription.- 6. Regulation of Gene Expression at the Level of Nucleus-to- Cytoplasm Transport of RNA.- 6.1. Rate of RNA Transport.- 6.2. Comparison of Nuclear and Cytoplasmic RNAs in Various Cell Types.- 6.3. Transport of Some Specific Transcripts.- 6.4. "Luxury" Functions, "Housekeeping" Functions, and Modulation of mRNA Abundance in the Cytoplasm.- 6.5. Transport-Controlling Factors of the Cytosol.- 7. Metabolic Heterogeneity of Nuclear RNA.- 8. Structural Organization of Intranuclear RNA Transport.- 9. Conclusion.- 10. References.- 5 Subcellular Mechanisms Involving Vitamin D.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Subcellular Aspects of Functional Vitamin D Metabolism.- 2.1. Vitamin D-25-Hydroxylase.- 2.2. 25-OH-D-1 -Hydroxylase.- 3. Molecular Mechanism of Action of l,25-(OH)2D3.- 4. Summary.- 5. References.- 6 Macromolecular Organization of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Distribution of Acetylcholine Receptors.- 2.1. Innervated Skeletal Muscle and Electroplaques.- 2.2. Denervated Skeletal Muscle (Extrajunctional Ach Receptors).- 2.3. Biosynthesis of Extrajunctional Ach Receptors.- 3. Composition of Acetylcholine Receptors.- 4. Structure of Acetylcholine Receptors.- 5. Morphological Correlates of Acetylcholine Receptors.- 6. Differences between Junctional and Extrajunctional Acetylcholine Receptors.- 7. Significance of Extrajunctional Acetylcholine Receptor Aggregates.- 8. Conclusion.- 9. References.- 7 Immunological Studies of Tissue Proteinases.- 1 Introduction.- 2. Cathepsin D.- 2.1. Antiserum Production.- 2.2. Inhibition by Antisera.- 2.3. Tissue Localization: Intracellular and Extracellular.- 2.4. The Assay of Cathepsin D.- 2.5. The Structure of Cathepsin D.- 2.6. The Biosynthesis of Cathepsin D.- 3. Cathepsin B and Related Thiol Proteinases.- 4. Collagenase.- 5. Elastase and Cathepsin G.- 6. Serine Proteinases of Skin and Muscle.- 7. Acrosin.- 8. Plasminogen Activators.- 9. Immunological Methods for the Study of Proteinases.- 9.1 Purification of Proteinases.- 9.2. Preparation of Antisera.- 9.3. Preparation of Antibodies from Antisera.- 9.4. Preparation of Antibodies Using Hybridomas.- 9.5. Immunoprecipitation in Gels and Solution.- 9.6. Immunoinhibition.- 9.7. Nonprecipitating Antibodies and Immunoassay.- 9.8. Immunolocalization.- 10. Conclusions.- 11. References.- 8 Amino Acids from the Moon: Notes on Meteorites.- 1. Introduction.- 2. History.- 2.1. Analyses of Lunar Samples and Meteorites.- 2.2. Preparation of Samples.- 2.3. Method of Analysis.- 2.4. Contamination in Lunar Fines.- 2.5. Sources of Amino Acids from the Moon and Meteorites.- 2.6. The Chemical Nature of Amino Acid Precursors.- 3. Summary and Prospect.- 4. References.- Recent Books in Cell Biochemistry and Biology.- 1. Recognition Systems.- 2. Techniques.- 3. Cell Biology and Organelles.- 4. Evolution of Cellular Systems.

巻冊次

v. 10 ISBN 9780306415289

目次

1 The Plastid Envelope Membranes: Their Structure, Composition, and Role in Chloroplast Biogenesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure of the Plastid Envelope.- 3. Relationship between the Plastid and Other Envelope Cell Membranes.- 3.1. Inner Envelope Membrane and Internal Membranes of Plastids.- 3.2. Outer Envelope Membrane and Extrachloroplastal Membranes.- 4. Relationships between the Plastid Envelope and Nucleic Acids.- 4.1. Plastid Envelope and Plastid DNA.- 4.2. Plastid Envelope and Ribosomes.- 5. Isolation of the Chloroplast Envelope.- 6. Chemical Composition of the Plastid Envelope.- 6.1. Chloroplast Envelope Polypeptides.- 6.2 Polar Lipid Composition of Plastid Envelope Membranes.- 6.3. Pigment Composition of Plastid Envelope Membranes.- 6.4. Are Sterols Normal Components of Plastid Envelope Membranes?.- 7. The Plastid Envelope and the Synthesis of Plastid Constituents.- 7.1. Origin of Plastid Polar Lipids.- 7.2. Plastid Envelope and the Synthesis of Isoprenoid Compounds.- 8. Protein Transport through the Plastid Envelope Membranes.- 9. Future Perspectives.- 10. References.- 2 Structure and Function of Respiratory Membranes in Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Membrane Organization in Whole Cells.- 2.1. Outer Membrane and Surface Layers.- 2.2. Cytoplasmic Membrane.- 2.3. Intracytoplasmic Membranes.- 2.4. Morphological Relationships between Cytoplasmic and Intracytoplasmic Membranes.- 3. Isolated Membranes.- 3.1. Comments on the Problem of Separating Cytoplasmic Membranes and Intracytoplasmic Membranes in Cell-Free Extracts of Cyanobacteria.- 3.2. Composition of Isolated Membranes.- 4. Identification of Respiratory Membranes.- 5. Cyanobacterial Respiration.- 5.1. Dehydrogenation of Respiratory Substrates.- 5.2. Respiratory Electron-Transport System.- 6. Oxidative Phosphorylation.- 6.1. Proton Electrochemical Gradients.- 6.2. Phosphorus/Oxygen Ratios in Whole Cells.- 6.3. Oxidative Phosphorylation in Cell-Free Systems.- 6.4. Coupling-Factor Adenosine Triphosphatases.- 7. Respiration and Obligate Photoautotrophy.- 8. Interaction of Respiration and Photosynthesis.- 8.1. Enzyme Regulation.- 8.2. Energy-Charge Regulation (with an Excursion into Substrate-Level Phosphorylation.- 8.3. Common Electron-Transport Sequences.- 9. Summary.- 10. References.- 3 Biogenesis of the Yeast Cell Wall.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemistry and Biosynthesis of the Wall Components.- 2.1. Glucan.- 2.2. Chitin.- 2.3. Mannoproteins.- 3. Cell Wall Organization.- 4. Cell Wall Synthesis and Morphogenesis.- 4.1. Origin of the Cell Machinery Involved in Formation of Cell Wall Polymers.- 4.2. Oriented Transport of Synthases and Matrix Materials.- 4.3. Assembly of Cell Wall Components.- 4.4. Metabolic Stability of the Cell Wall and Its Relationship with Biosynthesis.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- 6. References.- 4 myo-Inositol Polyphosphates and Their Role in Cellular Metabolism: A Proposed Cycle Involving Glucose-6- Phosphate and myo-Inositol Phosphates.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Metabolism of myo-Inositol Phosphates.- 2.1. Chemistry and Nomenclature of Inositol Phosphates.- 2.2. Biosynthesis of myo-Inositol Phosphates.- 2.3. Degradation and Utilization of myo-Inositol Phosphates.- 3. Regulatory Aspects of the Metabolism of myo-Inositol Phosphates.- 3.1. Biochemical Regulation of Enzymes of myo-Inositol Phosphate Metabolism.- 3.2. Genetic Studies on the Regulation of myo-Inositol-1-Phosphate Synthase.- 4. Operation of a New Metabolic Cycle Involving Glucose-6-Phosphate and myo-Inositol Phosphates during Formation and Germination of Seeds.- 4.1. Reactions and Enzymes of the Cycle.- 4.2. The Cycle as a Source of Energy and Reducing Power.- 4.3. Interrelationship between This Cycle and the Pentose Phosphate Shunt Pathway in the Early Phase of Germination and Seedling Vigor.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- 6. References.- 5 Nucleocytoplasmic RNA Transport.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Aims and Scope of This Review.- 1.2. Terminology.- 1.3. Biological Significance of RNA Transport.- 2. Methodology.- 2.1. In situ Studies.- 2.2. In vitro Methods Using Isolated Nuclei.- 2.3. Studies on Subnuclear Fraction.- 3. Aspects of the Mechanism of Transport.- 3.1. Release.- 3.2 Translocation.- 4. Aspects of the Control of Transport.- 4.1. Cytoplasmic Protein Factors.- 4.2. Polyribonucleotides.- 4.3. Hormonal Control.- 4.4. Pharmacological Effects on Efflux and Transport.- 4.5. Nutritional Factors in Transport and Efflux.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- 5.1. General Conclusions.- 5.2. General Problems.- 6. References.- 6 The Supramolecular Organization of the Cytoskeleton during Fertilization.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Overview.- 1.2. Requirement for Intracellular Movements.- 1.3. Scope of This Chapter.- 2. Motility during Fertilization.- 2.1. Fertilization as a Paradigm for Cellular Motility and Cytoskeletal Reorganization.- 2.2. Movements during Fertilization.- 3. The Sperm.- 3.1. Microtubules and Flagellar Movements.- 3.2. Actin and the Acrosome Reaction.- 4. The Egg.- 4.1. Detection of Cytoskeletal Elements.- 4.2. Microfilaments and Sperm Incorporation.- 4.3. Cortical Reaction.- 4.4. Microtubules and the Pronuclear Migrations.- 4.5. Cytoskeletal Changes Leading to Cell Division.- 5. Microfilaments.- 5.1. Periacrosomal Cap of the Sperm.- 5.2. Egg Cortex.- 5.3. Effect of Microfilament Inhibitors.- 6. Microtubules.- 6.1. Sperm Axoneme.- 6.2. Microtubules in Eggs during Fertilization: Sperm Aster, Interim Apparatus, and Mitotic Apparatus.- 6.3. Effects of Microtubule Inhibitors.- 7. Cytoskeletal Interactions.- 7.1. Microfilament Assembly and Contractility.- 7.2. Microfilament Bundling and Structural Roles.- 7.3. Microtubule Assembly and Microtubule-Organizing Centers.- 7.4. Dynein and Microtubule Sliding.- 7.5. Requirement for Microtubule Disassembly.- 7.6. Biophysical Evidence.- 7.7. Global View of Cytoskeletal Reorganizations.- 8. Regulation of Cytoskeletal Formation and Motility.- 8.1. Ionic Program of Activation.- 8.2. pH as One of the Primary Modulators.- 8.3. Calcium Ions as Another Regulator.- 8.4. Calmodulin.- 8.5. Cyclic Nucleotides.- 8.6. Compilation of Regulatory Mechanisms.- 9. Conclusions and Summary.- 9.1. Motility during Fertilization: A Model.- 9.2. Regulation of Fertilization.- 9.3. Mechanisms for Movement: Implications for Other Intracellular Translocations.- 94. Conclusions.- 9.5. Summary.- 10. References.- 7 Evolutionary Aspects of Human Chromosomes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Karyotypic Similarities between Man and the Nonhuman Primates.- 2.1. Early Studies of the Chromosomes of Man and the Nonhuman Primates.- 2.2. Comparative Studies with Chromosome-Banding Techniques.- 2.3. Evolutionary Conservation of Chromosome-Banding and DNA-Replication Sites in Chromosomes.- 2.4. Chromosome Banding and the Inference of Chromosome Phylogeny.- 3. Evolution of Human Syntenic Groups and Comparative Gene Assignment in Man and Other Mammals.- 3.1. Localization of Genes in Chromosomes: Problems and Perspectives.- 3.2. Comparative Gene Assignment in Man and the Great Apes.- 3.3. Gene Assignment in Other Primates: A Comparison to Human and Great Ape Syntenic Assignments.- 3.4. Gene Mapping in Other Mammals: Evolutionary Conservation of Linkage Associations and Morphological Attributes of Chromosomes.- 3.5. Y Chromosome, Sex Determination, and Sex Differentiation.- 4. Repetitive DNA Sequence Evolution and Chromosome Phylogeny.- 4.1. Highly Repetitive DNA in Man.- 4.2. Y-Specific Repetitive DNA.- 4.3. Chromosome Distribution of Satellite DNAs in Man.- 4.4. Localization of Homologous Sequences to Human Satellite DNAs in Great Ape Chromosomes.- 4.5. Constitutive Heterochromatin and Highly Repetitive DNAs in Man and Other Primates.- 4.6. Ribosomal Genes in Man and Nonhuman Primates.- 4.7. Chromosome Distribution of the 18 S and 28 S Cistrons in Man.- 4.8. 18 S and 28 S Sequences in the Great Apes and Other Primates.- 4.9. Genetic Exchanges among Ribosomal Genes on Nonhomologous Human and Ape Chromosomes.- 4.10. 5 S Ribosomal rDNA Cistrons in Man and Other Primates.- 5. Epilogue.- 6. References.- Books Received.

巻冊次

v. 11 ISBN 9780306419591

目次

Cortical Actin Structures and Their Relationship to Mammalian Cell Movements.- Fluorescence Probes Unravel Asymmetric Structure of Membranes.- Functional Aspects of Gram-Negative Cell Surfaces.- Biochemistry of the Sarcolemma.- Membrane Fusion.

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詳細情報

• NII書誌ID(NCID): BA04871951
• ISBN:
  • 0306334054
  • 0306401134
  • 0306404850
  • 0306407094
  • 0306410915
  • 0306415283
  • 0306419599
• LCCN: 73643479
• 出版国コード: us
• タイトル言語コード: eng
• 本文言語コード: eng
• 出版地: New York
• ページ数/冊数: v.
• 大きさ: 24 cm
• 分類:
  • NDLC : RA111