Ion-selective electrodes in analytical chemistry

著者

• Freiser, Henry

書誌事項

Ion-selective electrodes in analytical chemistry

edited by Henry Freiser

（Modern analytical chemistry）

Plenum Press, c1978-1980

• v. 1
• v. 2

注記

Includes bibliographical references and indexes

内容説明・目次

巻冊次

v. 1 ISBN 9780306339073

内容説明

Ion-selective electrodes continue to be one of the more excIting developments in electro analytical chemistry in the last 10 years. This is evidenced in the large and continually growing literature in the field. It is important and necessary in such a rapidly growing area to be able to "take stock," i. e. , to present a well-rounded, up-to-date review of important developments. In this volume, reviews by many of the leading practitioners and pioneers in this field contribute to what we consider to be a generous coverage of both fundamental aspects of ion-selective electrodes and their applications to analytical chemistry. Although this volume is not intended to be exhaustive, we have attempted to produce a "stand alone" text dealing with all major current developments. Indeed, since some of the theoretical approaches are not yet universally agreed on, each of the first five chapters deals with theory and principles of the nature and behavior of ion-selective electrodes from the vantage point of the authors' own experience and understanding. In view of the rapid expansion of this field, plans for future volumes are now being formulated. Henry Freiser Tucson, Arizona vii Contents Chapter 1 Theory and Principles of Membrane Electrodes R. P. Buck 1. Potential Generating Processes ...1 1. 1. Interfaces, Fixed Charges, Charged Sites, and Charge Carriers 1 1. 2. Ion Exchange as a Potential-Generating Process 5 1. 3. Diffusion and Migration ...8 1. 4. Electrochemical Potentials, Fluxes, and Mobility . . 10 1. 5.

目次

1 Theory and Principles of Membrane Electrodes.- 1. Potential Generating Processes.- 1.1. Interfaces, Fixed Charges, Charged Sites, and Charge Carriers.- 1.2. Ion Exchange as a Potential-Generating Process.- 1.3. Diffusion and Migration.- 1.4. Electrochemical Potentials, Fluxes, and Mobility.- 1.5. Permeability, Permselectivity, and Co-Ion Exclusion.- 2. Potential-Generating Chemical Systems.- 2.1. Potential Profiles at Single Interfaces.- 2.2. Calculation of Net Interfacial Potentials.- 2.3. Connection between Salt Extraction, Solid Ion Exchangers, Crystals, and Semiconductor Electrodes.- 2.4. Potential Profiles in Bulk Phases and Total Membrane Potentials for Reversible Interface Systems.- 2.5. Potential Profiles and Differences at Blocked Interfaces.- 3. Electrode Materials, Membrane and Ion-Selective Electrode Classification.- 4. Electrode Organization.- 4.1. Electrodes of First, Second, and Third Kinds.- 4.2. Membrane Configurations Including All-Solid-State Versions.- 4.3. Blocked Electrodes, Coated Wires, and Immunoelectrodes.- 4.4. Corrosion Electrodes and Ion-Sensing Semiconductor Electrodes.- 5. Cell Organization.- 5.1. Membrane and Classical Cells.- 5.2. Junction and Junctionless Cells.- 5.3. Reference Electrodes.- 6. Potential-Activity Responses in the Steady State.- 6.1. Ideal Normal Form for Glass and Fixed-Site Ion-Exchanger Membrane Electrodes.- 6.2. Ideal Normal Form for Solid-State Membrane Electrodes (Including All-Solid-State Electrodes).- 6.3. Ideal Normal Form for Liquid Ion Exchanger Membranes (Mobile-Site Membranes).- 6.4. Ideal Normal Form for Neutral-Carrier Membrane Electrodes.- 6.5. Ideal Normal Form for Zeroth, First, Second, and Third Kinds of Electrodes.- 7. Nonideal Responses of Membrane Electrodes-Sources and Effects.- 7.1. Deviations from Ideality Associated with the Membrane.- 7.2. Deviations from Ideality Associated with Bathing Solutions.- 7.3. Deviations from Ideality Associated with Cell and Reference Electrodes.- 7.4. Deviations Expected in Electrode Calibration.- 7.5. Time Responses Affected by Electrode Properties.- 7.6. Time Responses Outside the Linear Regime.- 7.7. Potential-Time Responses after Activity Steps.- 7.8. Effects of Redox Reagents and Light.- 8. Selectivities and Selectivity Coefficients of Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes.- Notation.- References.- 2 Precipitate-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theoretical Part.- 2.1. Interpretation of the Potential Response.- 2.2. Selectivity.- 2.3. The Standard Potential.- 2.4. The Potential-Activity Function.- 2.5. Response Time.- 2.6. Morphology of the Electrode Membrane.- 2.7. Nonaqueous Solvents.- 3. Electrode Materials.- 4. Practical Part.- 4.1. Measuring Techniques.- 4.2. Standardization of Ion-Selective Electrodes.- 4.3. Errors.- 5. Application of Ion-Selective Electrodes.- References.- 3 Ion-Selective Electrodes Based on Neutral Carriers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theoretical Description of the EMF Response.- 2.1. Universal Description of the EMF Response of Liquid-Membrane Electrodes.- 2.2. Response of Idealized Neutral-Carrier Membranes.- 2.3. Response Time of Neutral-Carrier Membrane Electrodes.- 3. Design Features of Ion-Selective Neutral Carriers and of the Corresponding Membrane Systems.- 4. Electrode Systems Based on Neutral Carriers.- 4.1. Electrode Structure.- 4.2. Electrodes for K+.- 4.3. Electrodes for NH4+.- 4.4. Electrodes for Na+.- 4.5. Electrodes for Li+.- 4.6. Electrodes for Ca2+.- 4.7. Electrodes for Sr2+.- 4.8. Electrodes for Ba2+.- 5. Future Prospects.- References.- 4 Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Matrix Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Design and Construction.- 3. Sensors and Mediators.- 4. Responses.- 5. Fundamental Aspects.- 6. Effect of pH on Electrode Behavior.- 7. Alternative Polymer Matrices to PVC.- 8. Conclusion.- References.- 5 Sources of Error in Ion-Selective Electrode Potentiometry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Advantages.- 3. Sources of Error.- 3.1. pH/mV Meter.- 3.2. Ion-Selective Indicator Electrodes.- 3.3. Reference Electrodes.- 3.4. Electrode Drift.- 3.5. Standards.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 6 Applications of Ion-Selective Electrodes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Coordination Complexes and Reaction Kinetics.- 2.1. Complexation Equilibria.- 2.2. Solubility Product Phenomena.- 2.3. Applications in Reaction Kinetic Studies.- 3. Vegetation, Vegetables, Fruits, Juices, and Oils.- 3.1. Nitrate Levels.- 3.2. Chloride Levels.- 3.3. Miscellaneous Ion Levels.- 4. Beverages and Food.- 4.1. Milks.- 4.2. Cheeses.- 4.3. Miscellaneous.- 4.4. Salt Assay.- 4.5. Sulfur Dioxide in Wine.- 5. Rocks and Soils.- 5.1. Nitrate and Total Nitrogen.- 5.2. Cations.- 5.3. Fluoride and Chloride.- 6. Air and Stack Gases.- 6.1. Nitrogen Species in Air and Combustion Emission.- 6.2. Cigarette Smoke and Airborne Particulates.- 6.3. Sulfur Dioxide in Flue Gases.- 6.4. Fluoride in Stack Gases and Ambient Air.- 6.5. Snow and Rain.- 7. Water Supplies and Seawater.- 7.1. Fluoride in Potable Water, Effluents, and Seawater.- 7.2. Nitrate and Ammonia-Ammonium in Waters and Sewage.- 7.3. Miscellaneous Applications.- 8. Industrial Applications.- 8.1. Boilerfeeds and Steam Condensates.- 8.2. Paper Pulp and Leather Process Liquors.- 8.3. Plating and Pickling Baths.- 8.4. Coal, Petroleum, and Explosives.- 8.5. Nuclear Materials.- 8.6. Miscellaneous Applications.- 9. Mineralized Tissue and Dental Materials.- 9.1. Bone.- 9.2. Plaque.- 9.3. Saliva.- 9.4. Toothpastes.- 10. Biomedical Applications.- 10.1. Calcium.- 10.2. Fluoride.- 10.3. Chloride.- 10.4. Potassium and Sodium.- 10.5. Ammonia and Proteins.- 10.6. Carbon Dioxide-Carbonate.- 10.7. Bromide and Iodide.- 11. Applications of Microelectrodes.- 12. Organic and Pharmaceutical Compounds.- 12.1. Fluoride.- 12.2. Sulfur.- 12.3. Halogens Other Than Fluorine.- 12.4. Assay of Slow-Release Preparations for Alkali Metal Ions.- 13. Miscellaneous Applications.- 14. Continuous Monitoring with Electrodes.- 15. Applications in Potentiometric Titrations.- References.

巻冊次

v. 2 ISBN 9780306405006

内容説明

We continue in this second volume the plan evident in the first; i.e., of presenting a number of well-rounded up-to-date reviews of important developments in the exciting field of ion-selective electrodes in analytical chemistry. In this volume, in addition to the exciting applications of ISE'S to biochemistry systems represented by the description of enzyme electrodes, there is featured the most recent development in ISE'S, namely, the joining of the electrochemical and solid state expertise, resulting in CHEMFETS. The scholarly survey of the current status of ISE'S will undoubtedly be welcomed by all workers in the field. Tucson, Arizona Henry Freiser vii Contents Chapter 1 Potentiometric Enzyme Methods Robert K. Kobos 1. Introduction ...1 2. Soluble Enzyme Systems ...5 2.1. Substrate Determinations 5 2.2. Enzyme Determinations . 13 2.3. Inhibitor Determinations. 18 3. Immobilized Enzyme Systems . 19 3.1. Methods of Immobilization. 19 3.2. Characteristics of Immobilized Enzymes 23 3.3. Analytical Applications with Ion-Selective Electrodes 23 4. Enzyme Electrodes 31 4.1. Urea Electrodes 35 4.2. Amygdalin Electrodes 39 4.3. Glucose Electrodes . 40 4.4. Penicillin Electrodes 40 4.5. Amino Acid Electrodes 41 4.6. Nucleotide Electrodes 46 4.7. Uric Acid Electrode 47 4.8. Creatinine Electrode 48 48 4.9. Acetylcholine Electrodes. 4.10. D-Gluconate Electrode 49 4.11. Lactate Electrode 49 4.12. Inhibitor Determination 50 4.13. Substrate Electrodes 50 4.14. Current Trends ...

目次

1 Potentiometric Enzyme Methods.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Soluble Enzyme Systems.- 2.1. Substrate Determinations.- 2.2. Enzyme Determinations.- 2.3. Inhibitor Determinations.- 3. Immobilized Enzyme Systems.- 3.1. Methods of Immobilization.- 3.2. Characteristics of Immobilized Enzymes.- 3.3. Analytical Applications with Ion-Selective Electrodes.- 4. Enzyme Electrodes.- 4.1. Urea Electrodes.- 4.2. Amygdalin Electrodes.- 4.3. Glucose Electrodes.- 4.4. Penicillin Electrodes.- 4.5. Amino Acid Electrodes.- 4.6. Nucleotide Electrodes.- 4.7. Uric Acid Electrode.- 4.8. Creatinine Electrode.- 4.9. Acetylcholine Electrodes.- 4.10. d-Gluconate Electrode.- 4.11. Lactate Electrode.- 4.12. Inhibitor Determination.- 4.13. Substrate Electrodes.- 4.14. Current Trends.- 4.15. Applications of Enzyme Electrodes.- 4.16. Theoretical Studies.- 4.17. Response Characteristics.- 5. Bacterial Electrodes.- 5.1. l-Arginine Electrode.- 5.2. l-Aspartate Electrode.- 5.3. l-Glutamine Electrode.- 5.4. l-Cysteine Electrode.- 5.5. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Electrode.- 5.6. Nitrate Electrode.- 5.7. Potentiometric-Based Analysis with Bacterial Cells.- 6. Tissue-Based Electrode.- 7. Future of Potentiometric Enzyme Methods.- References.- 2 Coated Wire Ion-Selective Electrodes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Preparation of Coated Wire Electrodes.- 2.1. Preparation of Electroactive Species.- 2.2. Polymeric Matrix.- 2.3. Use of Plasticizers.- 2.4. Construction of the CWE.- 3. Preconditioning and Storage Procedures.- 4. Calibration of Coated Wire Electrodes.- 5. Determination of Selectivity Ratios.- 6. Mechanism of CWE Behavior.- 7. Applications of Coated Wire Electrodes.- 7.1. Anionic Applications of Anionic CWE's.- 7.2. Analytical Applications of Cationic Electrodes.- 7.3. Determination of pKa and Other Equilibrium Constants.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Chemically Sensitive Field Effect Transistors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theory of IGFET's.- 2.1. MIS Structure.- 2.2. Current-Voltage Relationships for the IGFET.- 2.3. CHEMFET.- 3. Practice.- 3.1. CHEMFET Geometry and Encapsulation.- 3.2. Hydrogen-Ion-Sensitive Feld Effect Transistor.- 3.3. isfet's with Solid State Membranes.- 3.4. isfet's with Homogeneous Polymeric Membranes.- 3.5. Heterogeneous Membranes.- 3.6. Immunochemically Sensitive Field Effect Transistor.- 3.7. Reference ISFET.- 3.8. Measuring Circuitry.- 4. Conclusions.- Notation.- References.- Supplementary References.- 4 A Compilation of Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode Literature.- Table 1. Highlights in the Development of Membrane Electrodes.- Table 2. Books and Articles on Ion-Selective Electrodes and Closely Related Topics (in Approximately Chronological Order).- Table 3. Reviews of Principles and Applications (in Approximately Chronological Order).- Table 4. Specific Application Reviews for Ion-Selective Electrodes.- Table 5. Properties and Applications of Fluoride-Selective Electrodes.- Table 6. Solid State Halide-Sensing Electrodes.- Table 7. Solid State Cyanide Responses.- Table 8. Solid State, Mainly Sulfide-Sensing, Electrodes.- Table 9. Solid State Electrodes for Divalent Ions and Miscellaneous.- Table 10. Glass Electrodes.- Table 11. Liquid Membrane Electrodes-Cation Sensitive.- Table 11a. Liquid Membrane Electrodes-Anion Sensitive.- Table 12. Neutral-Carrier-Based Electrodes.- Table 13. Gas, Enzyme, and Clinical Electrodes.- Table 14. Classical Synthetic Organic and Inorganic Ion Exchange Membranes.- Table 15. Potentiometry and Ion-Selective Electrode Nomenclature.- References.- "A" (1968-1969).- "B" (1970-1971).- "C" (1972-1973).- "D" (1974-1975).- "E" (1976-1977).- "F"(1978).

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詳細情報

• NII書誌ID(NCID): BA06372624
• ISBN:
  • 0306339072
  • 0306405008
• LCCN: 78016722
• 出版国コード: us
• タイトル言語コード: eng
• 本文言語コード: eng
• 出版地: New York
• ページ数/冊数: 2 v.
• 大きさ: 24 cm
• 分類:
  • LCC : QD571
  • DC : 543/.087
• 件名:
  • LCSH : Electrodes, Ion selective
• 親書誌ID:
  • BA07053927