Enzyme engineering : [papers]

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Enzyme engineering : [papers]

Edited by E. Kendall Pye ...[et al.]

Plenum Press, c1974-

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Includes bibliographical references and index

v. 6: edited by Ichiro Chibata ... [et al.]

内容説明・目次

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v. 3 ISBN 9780306352836

内容説明

The recent worldwide explosion of interest in enzymes as cata- lysts in industrial processes has arisen primarily because of the potential of major innovative advances which have taken place over the last two decades, foremost among these being novel methods of enzyme immobilization and affinity chromatography for rapid enzyme purification. This interest is now being further stimulated by the remarkable commercial success of several enzyme-based industrial processes, particularly the production of high-fructose syrup in the U. S. and amino acid production in Japan. With the initiation of these and other processes, together with the readying for commercial- ization of several other enzyme-based operations, interest has ex- panded in other areas in which enzymes may playa useful role, particularly in medicine and analytical chemistry. The development of this technology has required the cooperative efforts of practi- tioners of several disciplines, primarily chemical engineers, bio- chemists and other life scientists. Indeed, from this cooperation is arising the new interdisciplinary field of Enzyme Engineering. To stimulate communication, information exchange and advance- ment of knowledge in this new field on an international level the Engineering Foundation, through the efforts of Lemuel B. Wingard, Jr. , initiated in 1971 a series of international conferences on Enzyme Engineering to be held biannually. The first two conferences were held in Henniker, New Hampshire, in the summers of 1971 and 1973, respectively, while the third conference, from which these proceedings derived, was held in August 1975 in Portland, Oregon.

目次

Innovation in Enzyme Engineering.- Session I. New Methods of Stabilizing and Immobilizing Enzymes and Whole Cells.- The Immobilization of a Stable Esterase by Entrapment, Covalent Binding and Adsorption.- Liquid-Membrane Hollow Fiber Enzyme Reactors.- Synthesis of Organic Acids and Modification of Steroids by Immobilized Whole Microbial Cells.- Immobilization of Enzymes by Reductive Alkylation.- Development of Immobilized Urease for the Owens-Illinois BUN Analyzer.- Immobilization of ?-Tyrosinase Cells with Collagen.- Stepwise Thermophotochemical Crosslinking for Enzyme Stabilization and Immobilization.- Session II. Enzyme Engineering.- Mass Transfer Problems with Immobilized Oxidases.- Mass Transfer and Reaction with Microcapsules Containing Enzyme and Adsorbent.- Enzymatic Regeneration of ATP from AMP and ADP: Kinetic Studies with the Coupled Enzyme System.- Cofactor Regeneration in Artificial Enzyme Membranes: Potentialities for Analytical and Reactor Applications.- Optimal Operations of a Batch Enzyme Reactor: Isomerization of D-Glucose to D-Fructose.- Physicochemical Aspects of Immobilized Enzyme-Matrix Interactions.- Coupled and Multienzyme-Nylon Tube Reactors.- Short Reports: Kinetics and Stability of Immobilized Glucose Oxidase and Catalase.- Kinetics of D-Glucose to D-Fructose Isomerization.- Efficiency of Two Immobilized Enzymes Acting in Sequence.- Photocontrol of Enzyme-Collagen Membrane Activity.- Enzyme Immobilization in Collagen Films Adhered to Semi-Rigid Supports: The Enzymatic Sponge Reactor.- Hollow Fiber Enzymatic Reactors: An Engineering Approach.- Session III, Enzyme Engineering and Enzyme Purification.- Genetic Engineering with Nitrogen Fixation.- The State of Enzyme Isolation Technology.- Unit Operations of Enzyme Purification.- Scale-Up of Enzyme Purification.- Carbon Dioxide as a Reagent for Proteins.- Application of Computers to Enzyme Recovery.- Studies on Immobilized Trypsin in High Concentrations of Organic Solvents.- A Tapered Fluidized Bed as a Bioreactor.- Short Reports: Induction of Phenol Hydroxylase in Yeast.- Session IV. Affinity Chromatography and Enzyme Cofactor Immobilization, Application and Regeneration.- Analysis of Ligand-Macromolecule Interactions by Quantitative Affinity Chromatography.- Affinity Chromatography: Interferences and their Prevention.- Immobilized Cofactors and Cofactor Fragments in General Ligand Affinity Chromatography and as Active Cofactors.- Purification of Dehydrogenases and Kinases by Affinity Chromatography.- Factors Concerning the Effectiveness of Affinity Chromatography Using Immobilized Cofactors.- Hydrophobic Chromatography and Its Potential Use in Biotechnology.- Purification of Proteinases by Affinity Chromatography Techniques.- Covalent Affinity Chromatography of Acetylcholinesterase.- Salt-Stable Hydrophobic Versus Salt-Reversible Electrostatic Effects in Adsorptive Protein Binding.- Strategy for Pure Hydrophobic Chromatography.- Short Reports: High Turnover NAD Regeneration in the Coupled Dehydrogenase Conversion of Sorbitol to Fructose.- Microencapsulated Multi-Enzyme Systems as Vehicles for the Cyclic Regeneration of Free and Immobilized Coenzymes.- Session V. Analytical and Biomedical Applications of Immobilized Enzymes.- Analytical and Biomedical Applications of Immobilized Enzymes: A Review.- Refixation of Solubilized and Purified Microsomal Enzymes: Towards an Extracorporal Detoxification in Liver Failure.- Immobilized Enzymes in Tubes and Hollow Fibers for Clinical Applications.- The Cholesterol Electrode: Use of the Polarographic Oxidase Anode with Multiple Enzymes.- Medical Applications of Affinity Chromatography.- Studies on the Thermal Enzyme Probe.- Prospects for an Assay Technique Based on Volatile Enzyme Products.- Short Reports: Enzymatic Catalysis of a Three Step Steroid Conversion.- Enzyme-Thermistor Assays of Cholesterol, Oxalic Acid, Glucose and Lactose in Standard Solutions and Biological Samples.- Session VI. Industrial Applications of Immobilized Enzymes.- Industrial Production of L-Malic Acid by Immobilized Microbial Cells.- Production of 5?-Mononucleotides Using Immobilized 5?-Phosphodiesterase and 5?-AMP Deaminase.- A New Method for the Production of Optically Active Aminoacids.- Development of an Adsorbed Lactase Immobilized Enzyme System.- Studies on the Isomerization of D-Glucose by Immobilized Glucose Isomerase.- Macrokinetics and Reactor Design for the Industrial Application of Enzymes in L-Aminoacid Production...- Recent Trends in Enzyme Engineering in Japan.- Short Reports: Pilot Plant Production of Glucose from Starch with Soluble a-Amylase and Immobilized Glucoamylase.- Production of High-Fructose Syrup Using Glucoamylase and Glucose Isomerase Immobilized on Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin.- Reduction of Lactose in Milk by Entrapped ?-Galactosidase. IV. Results of Long Term Experiments with a Pilot Plant.- Use of ?-Galactosidase, ?-Galactosidase, Glucose Isomerase and Invertase in Hollow Fiber Reactors.- Appendix I. Recommendations for Standardization of Nomenclature in Affinity Chromatography.- Appendix II. Matters Arising from the Nomenclature of Immobilized Enzymes.- List of Participants.
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v. 4 ISBN 9780306400216

内容説明

The unique catalytic properties of enzymes and the numerous techniques for immobilization of enzymes and cells continue to maintain a high degree of practical and scientific interest in this area called Enzyme Engineering. This fourth International Enzyme Engineering Confer- ence was the first to be held outside of the United States. Europe was chosen as the site primarily to en- able greater participation by investigators from that continent. The Engineering Foundation of New York, which was the principal sponsor of the first three conferences, was most fortunate in having the DECHEMA (Deutsche Gesell- schaft fur chemisches Apparatewesen e. V.) of Frankfurt (Main), F. R. Germany as the cosponsor for this fourth conference. The success of the conference also was due in large part to the generous financial support, especially by the government of the Federal Republic of Germany, as well as by European enzyme and chemical companies. The fourth conference, held September 25-30, 1977 at Bad Neuenahr, Federal Republic of Germany was certainly successful, with 240 participants from 23 countries, repre- senting many academic disciplines and occupational special- ties. At this conference special emphasis was placed on the immobilization of whole cells and organelles, medical applications of immobilized enzymes and organelles, and the industrial status and future for immobilized biological materials.

目次

Keynote Papers.- Genetic Engineering.- The Photosynthetic Apparatus.- Session I. Production and Extraction of Microbial Enzymes.- Increasing the Production of Enzymes Via Fermentation.- Cultural Conditions for the Microbial Production of ?-Tyrosinase and Tryptophanase.- Batch Culture Experiments in the Optimization of Continuous Fermentation of an Intracellular Enzyme.- Properties of Heat Stable Enzymes of Extreme Thermophiles.- Aqueous Two-Phase Systems for the Large-Scale Purification of Enzymes.- Contributed Papers: Procedure for the Simultaneous Large-Scale Isolation of Pullulanase and 1,4-?-Glucan Phosphorylase Involving Liquid-Liquid Separations.- Purification and Immobilization of a Fungal ?-Galactosidase (Lactase).- A Xylanase from Schizophyllum commune.- Session II. Industrial Applications of Enzymes: Engineering Aspects.- Immobilized Lactase for Whey Hydrolysis: Stability and Operating Strategy.- Reaction Engineering Aspects of Continuous Operation with Biocatalysts.- Economical Aspects of Continuous Operation with Biocatalysis.- Contributed Papers: Pressure Drop Across Compressible Beds.- Heterogeneous Kinetics of Two-Substrate Enzymic Reactions Under Diffusional Limitations.- Membrane Reactor-Separator for Continuous Enzymatic Regeneration of ATP.- Immobilized Glucose-Oxidase/Catalase: Deactivation in a Differential Reactor.- Effect of Design Parameter on the Performance of Immobilized Glucose Isomerase Reactor System.- Immobilization of Acetate Kinase on Functionalized Solid-Core Polymeric Beads.- Session III. Study of Modified, Stabilized, and Immobilized Enzymes.- Surface Modification of Proteins.- Staphylococcal Nuclease Immobilized on Agarose Gel.- Enzyme Collagen Membranes in Reactors and for Analytical Purposes.- Contributed Papers: Analysis of the Reaction Kinetics of Single Esterase-Sepharose Beads by Microfluorometry.- A New Kinetic Method for Analyzing the Parameters of Immobilized Aldolase.- Interaction of Enzymes with Synthetic Polymers.- Proteolysis of Immobilized Lactate Dehydronase in the Presence of Pyruvate and NADH.- Synthesis and Kinetic Properties of a New NAD+ Derivative Carrying a Vinyl Group.- Isocyanide Derivatives of Polysaccharides as Supports for Enzyme Immobilization.- Enzymes on Magnetic Supports.- Oxirane-Acrylic Beads, Preparation 2878-C.- Immobilization of 3?-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Isolated from Streptomyces griseocarneus.- A Method to Prepare Bead-Shaped Immobilized Enzyme.- Immobilization of Hydrogenase from Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 on Glass Beads.- Hemisynthesis of Aminoglycosides.- Session IV. New Medical Applications for Enzymes.- Enzyme-Polyethylene Glycol Adducts: Modified Enzymes with Unique Properties.- Carrier-Bound Detoxifying Enzymes for an Extracorporeal Detoxification of Endogenous and Exogenous Toxins.- Biomedical Applications of Enzymatic Fibres.- Liposomes as Carriers of Proteins: Possible Medical Applications.- Galactose Conversion Using a Microcapsule Immobilized Multienzyme Cofactor Recycling System.- Hollow Fiber-Entrapped Liver Microsomes: A Potential Extracorporeal Drug Detoxifier.- Contributed Papers: Enzymatic Conversion of Cyclohexane to Cyclohexanol by Isolated Rat Liver Microsomes (MS).- Hydrolysis of Glucuronides with Immobilized Enzymes.- Immobilization of Neuraminidase for the Treatment of Tumor Cells.- Enzyme Thermistor Analysis in Clinical Chemistry and Environmental and Process Control.- Nylon Tube Bound Enzymes in Systems for the Determination of Substrates in Serum and Urine by Electrochemical and Calorimetric Detectors.- Analytical Application of Collagen Enzymatic Membranes for a Glucose Sensor.- Immobilization of Enzyme on PMG and its Application to the Urea Monitoring Apparatus.- Session V. Industrial Applications for Enzymes: State of the Art.- Industrial Applications of Immobilized Enzymes: State of the Art.- Regeneration of ATP by Immobilized Microbial Cells and its Utilization for the Synthesis of Nucleotides.- Production of 6APA in the Penicillin G Fermentation Plant by Using Fiber-Entrapped Penicillin Amidase.- Enzymatic Deacetylation of Cephalosporins.- Enzymatic Production of Sugars from Hemicellulose.- Enzymes and Separation Processes.- Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Protein Ultrafiltration for Converting Acid Whey to Valuable Products.- Contributed Papers: Model Proteolysis of ?-Casein with Immobilized Trypsin and its Technological Significance.- Detoxification of Organophosphate Pesticides Using Immobilized Enzymes.- Production of L-Tryptophan.- Electrochemical Assay of Oxidoreductase Enzymes.- Design Considerations and Operational Strategies of a Commercial Glucose Isomerase Reactor System.- Session VI. Multienzyme Systems, Immobilized Whole Cells, and Organelles.- Enzyme Sequences in the Living Cell.- Immobilization of Enzymes, Microbial Cells, and Organelles by Inclusion with PhotoCrosslinkable Resins.- Immobilized Cell Systems.- Steroid Conversion Using Immobilized hiving Microorganisms.- Microbial Cells Immobilized and Living on Solid Supports and Their Application to Fermentation Processes.- Microbial Electrode: BOD Sensor.- Contributed Papers: New Method for Immobilization of Microbial Cells and its Industrial Application.- Polymer Entrapment of Microbial Cells: Preparation and Reactivity of Catalytic Systems.- Benzene Metabolism by Bacterial Cells Immobilized in Polyacrylamide Gel.- Cellulose Bead Entrapped Whole Cell Glucose Isomerase in Fructose Syrup Production.- Properties of a Cell-Bound Glucose Isomerase.- Session VII. Fundamentals of Solid Phase Biochemistry.- Hydrophobic Interactions in Purification and Utilization of Enzymes.- Relative Importance of Diffusion Layer Resistance and Microenvironmental Effects on the Effectiveness of Immobilized Enzyme Reactors.- Studies of Hemoglobin and Allosteric Enzymes Under Artificial Conformational Constraints.- Determination of Michaelis Menten Parameters for Immobilized Enzymes: Detection and Measurement of Diffusion.- Studies with Immobilized Toxins.- Contributed Papers: Immobilized Protein Modification Reagents.- On the Mechanism of Protein Cross-Linking with Glutaraldehyde.- Synthesis of Water Soluble Polymers with Covalently Bound General Ligands.- Soluble NAD+-Derivatives of High Molecular Weight in Enzymic Recycling Systems.- The Use of Enzymes for Design of Light Sensitive Silverless Materials: Photoenzography.- Continuous Measurements on Immobilized Cells by a Mass Filter.- Enzyme Activity at a Gas Solid Interphase: Oxidation of Methanol to Formaldehyde.- Some Reactive Carriers and Immobilized Enzymes.- Immobilization of Proteins on Polyhydrazides.- Studies of Insoluble Organic/Inorganic Composits of Glucose Isomerase.- Session VIII. Application of Affinity Methods and New Purification Procedures.- Pressure-driven Affinity Sorption of Trypsin Inhibitors.- Measurement of ATP and Ligand-ATP Conjugates by Enzymic Cycling with Co-immobilized Hexokinase and Pyruvate Kinase.- Affinity Therapy.- Contributed Papers: Principles of Multi-Enzyme Purification by Affinity Chromatography.- Affinity Chromatography of Proteolytic Enzymes.- Guanosine Nucleotide Analogues as General Ligands in Affinity Chromatography.- Physical-Chemical Factors Influencing the Resolution in Affinity Chromatography.- Use of Affinity Chromatography for Determination of Dissociation Constants of Complexes of Trypsin and Chymotrypsin with their Free and Immobilized Inhibitors.- Purification of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase by Affinity Chromatography.- Studies on the Purification of Aspergillus niger Endopolygalacturonase by Agarose Gel Chromatography.- Affinity Chromatography: Recent Advances.- Guidelines for the Characterization of Immobilized Enzymes: A Proposal.- List of Participants.
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v. 5 ISBN 9780306404719

内容説明

Enzyme technology continues to maintain a high degree of interest both in the academic and industrial communities. Since the last Enzyme Engineering Conference held in Bad Neuenahr, Federal Republic of Germany, two years ago, an increasing emphasis has been placed on the study and application of immobilized whole cells and organelles. This new emphasis has been reflected in the number of presentations directed to this area. The Fifth International Enzyme Engineering Conference was held in Henniker, New Hampshire, July 29 to August 3, 1979. The organizers of this conference are especially grateful for the generous support received from a number of industrial organizations. The conference was attended by 183 participants representing over 22 countries making this truly an international conference. During this conference, emphasis was placed on a wide variety of areas including: enzyme production, energy transduction, co- factor modification, biomass conversion, immobilized enzymes, cells and organelles, and enzymatic synthesis of chemicals and pharma- ceuticals. This volume contains most of the presentations and posters presented at the Fifth Conference. The names of the session co- chairmen, workshop chairmen, committee members and sponsoring organizations are included as an appreciation of their efforts in making this a successful conference. The preparation of this volume was carried out by the editors including editing and proofing of the individual manuscripts and the final copy of this volume. The editors are indebted to Ms. S.

目次

Keynote Paper.- Achievements and Predicted Developments in Enzyme Engineering.- Session I. Enzyme Production.- Comparative Quantitative Physiology of High Cellulase Producing Strains of Trichoderma Reesei.- Bacterial Exo-Enzyme and Exo-Toxin Export.- Enzyme Purification by Liquid-Liquid Extraction.- Continuous Isolation of Yeast-Lytic Enzymes from Citophaga.- Characterization of Membranes for Enzyme Retention.- Cloning of the Penicillin G-Acylase Gene of Escherichia coli ATCC 11105 on Multicopy Plasmids.- Immobilized Tannin as Protein Adsorbent-Preparation, Characteristics, and Applications.- Aminoalkylpolysaccharide Sorbents in Purification of Enzymes.- Immunochemical Identification of a New Thermostable ?-Galactosidase from a Bacillus Species.- Mass Spectrometer Monitoring of a Yeast Fermentation.- Affinity Chromatographic Investigations on Enzyme Coenzyme Complexes of CoA-Dependent Enzymes.- Session II. Enzymes and Energy Transduction.- Principles of Bioelectrocatalysis.- Cofactor Modified Electrodes for Energy Transfer.- Immobilized Thylakoids and Chromatophores: Hydrogen Production and ATP Regeneration.- Some Aspects of Direct Bioelectrocatalytic Regeneration of Cofactors.- A New Enzyme Transducer Combination: The Enzyme Transistor.- A Simple, General Method for Preparation of Hydrosoluble Polymeric Adenine Nucleotide Coenzymes.- Cofactor Reaction-Diffusion Kinetics for an Alcohol Dehydrogenase Membrane.- Approaches to Stabilization of Hydrogenase and Nitrogenase Against Oxygen Inactivation.- Biochemical Energy Conversion System.- Session III: Biomass Conversion.- Utilization of ?-Glucosidase from Aspergillus Species in the Hydrolysis of Cellulose.- The Comparative Role of Exoglucosidase and Cellobiase in Glucose Formation from Cellulose.- Novel Enzymes from Methylotrophic Microorganisms.- Ethanol - Butanediol Fermentation of Xylose.- Fluorimetric Monitoring of Methanogenesis in Anaerobic Digesters.- Session IV: Biomedical and Analytical Applications of Enzymes and Antibodies.- Enzyme Channelling Immunoassay. A New Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassay Technique.- Human Renal Renin: Purification, Production of Specific Antibodies. Clinical Applications.- Competitive Binding Studies of Carbohydrate-Lectin Interactions Using a Lectin Electrode.- Potentiometrie Enzymatic Measurement of Glucose: Possible In Vivo Use.- Immobilized Enzyme Pipette - "Impette".- Electrochemical Determination of Lipids in Serum.- Immobilized Enzymes for Medical Application.- Photoenzography: Using Enzymes for Photographic Aims.- The Design of Peroxide Enzyme Membrane Polarographic Sensors for Clinical and Industrial Analysis.- New Approaches Using Immobilized Enzymes for the Removal of Urea and Ammonia.- Enzyme-Collagen Reactor Designed from an Hemodialysis Module.- Immobilization and Characterization of Enzymes on Hollow Fibers for a Possible Use in the Biomedical Field.- Magnetic Microspheres for Targeting of Drugs.- Modification of Enzymes with Water-Soluble Polymers.- Detoxication of Ammonia by Immobilized Urea Cycle Enzymes.- Use of the Enzyme Thermistor for Continuous Monitoring and Control in Biotechnology.- Distribution of Damkohler Number of Spherical Matrix Particles by Image Analysis.- On-line Determination of Reaction Rate Versus Substrate Concentration for an Enzymatically Catalysed Reaction by Means of a Microcomputer System.- Microbial Sensors for Ethyl Alcohol, Acetic Acid and Ammonia.- Session V: Large-Scale Transformations Using Bound Enzymes.- Improved Whey Treatment by Immobilized Lactase.- Lactose Hydrolysis by Immobilized Lactase: Semi-industrial Experience.- Production of Useful Nucleotides with Immobilized Microbial Cells.- Heterogeneous Biocatalysis in the Degradation of ?-Glucan Polymers.- Absorption Into a Liquid Film in Laminar Flow Coupled with an Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction at the Solid Surface.- Catalyst Deactivation and Optimal Operation Policy: Immobilized ?-galactosidase.- Stability Studies on the Immobilized Glucose Oxidase/Catalase Enzyme System.- Hydrodynamics and Kinetics of Hollow Fiber Enzyme Reactors.- Isomerose Syrups Containing Greater than 90% Fructose.- Session VI: Immobilized Cells and Organelles.- Immobilization of Whole Microbial Cells for the Production of 6-Amino Penicillanic Acid.- Application of Immobilized Biocatalysts to Bioconversion in Hydrophobic Conditions.- Alginate Bead Entrapped Yeast Cells for Continuous Inversion of Sucrose and Molasses.- Physical Characterization of Biocatalyst Particles Obtained form Polymer Entrapment of Whole Cells.- The Use of Free and Immobilized Cells in the Presence of Organic Solvents: The Oxidation of Cholesterol by Nocardia Rhodochrous.- Properties of Enzymes Solubilized in Hydrocarbons via Reversed Micelles.- The Potential Use of Immobilized Plant Cells for the Production and Transformation of Natural Products.- Immobilized Whole Cells of the Yeast Trigonopsis variabilis Containing D-Amino Acid Oxidase for the Production of ct-Keto Acids.- Enzymatic Synthesis of Pantothenic Acid by Escherichia coli Cells.- Production of Useful Chemicals Using Cells Immobilized with Polyacrylamide and Carrageenan.- Affinity Chromatographic Purification of Proteins Using Immobilized Cells.- Synthesis of Coenzymes by Immobilized Cell System.- Session VII: Bound Enzymes and the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals.- Continuous Deacetylation of Cephalosporins.- Thermostability of Soluble and Immobilized Subtilisins After Their Modification by Dextrans and Dextrins.- Isolation and Immobilization of Porcine Ligandin with Glutathione Transferase Activity.- Studies on the Stability of Soluble and Immobilized Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Yeast Mitochondria.- Distribution of Staphylococcal Nuclease Insolublizied on Sepharose.- Immobilized Penicillin Acylase for Production of 6-APA From Penicillin-V.- Preparation and Characterization of Metal Oxide-coated Supports for Oxidase Enzymes.- Enzyme Immobilization on Pyridine Containing Polymers.- Cross-linked Pectate.- Immobilization of Biocatalysts Using Ultrafiltration Techniques.- ?-Galactosidase Immobilized on Benzoquinone-Activated Bead Cellulose and on Oxirane-Acrylic Beads.- Application of Immobilized Carboxypeptidase Y for Deblocking in Peptide Synthesis.- Adsorption and Distribution of Enzymes in Carriers.- Application of Photosensitive Immobilized ?-Chymotrypsin to Synthetic Reaction.- List of Participants.
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v. 6 ISBN 9780306411212

内容説明

Presently, intensive and global attention is being devoted to "biotechnology"--the technology utilizing marvelous capacities of living things for human welfare. Each country is strongly promo- ting its development. In particular, enzyme engineering, whose pur- pose is to utilize efficiently enzymes, microorganisms, and cultured plant as well as animal cells as organic catalysts, is one of the main themes in the field of biotechnology. Under these circumstances, the Sixth Enzyme Engineering Confe- rence was held at Kashikojima, Mie Prefecture, Japan from September 20 to 25, 1981, under the joint auspices of the Engineering Foun- dation of New York and the Japanese Society of Enzyme Engineering. This series of international conferences has been held biannually since 1971. The first three and the fifth conferences were held in the United States and the fourth one was in the Federal Republic of Germany. This sixth conference was the first to be held in Asia; and it was significant that a number of participantGBP could visit Japany, which has produced successful achievements in the field of biotechnology.

目次

Conference History.- The First Ten Years.- Keynote Paper.- Recent Studies on Antibiotics and Low Molecular Weight Enzyme Inhibitors.- Session I. Large Scale Production and Purification of Biomolecules.- Integration of Large Scale Production and Purification of Biomolecules.- Role of Active Transport of Inducer in Enzyme Biosynthesis and Process Scale-Up.- Multi Enzyme Systems in Membrane Reactors.- Scale-Up of Protein Purification by Liquid-Liquid Extraction.- Rapid and Large-Scale Purification of Angiotensin-I Forming Enzymes and Milk Clotting Enzymes by Affinity Chromatography.- Separation and Purification of Enzymes Via Continuous Parametric Pumping.- Session II. Applications of Biocatalysts for New Reactions and Organic Synthesis.- Enzymatic Synthesis of Penicillins and Cephalosporins by Penicillin Acylase.- Enzymatic Acyl Transfer in Penicillin and Cephalosporin Chemistry.- Enzymatic Processes for the Synthesis of Optically Active Amino Acids.- Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase: An Illustrative Example of the Potential of Enzymes in Organic Synthesis.- Immobilized Enzymes and Synzymes: Applications in Organic Synthesis.- Immobilization of Living Microbial Cells and Transformation of Steroids.- Steroid Bioconversion by Immobilized Cells.- Steroid ?1-Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes in Corynebacterium Species Choi 73 T 191.- Use of Immobilized Enzyme Requiring Cofactor Regeneration and of Immobilized Mycelium, for Steroid Modification.- Hydroxylation of Steroids by Immobilized Microbial Cells.- Enzymatic Synthesis of Sulfur and Selenium Amino Acids.- Production of Alkaloids with Immobilized Cells of Catharanthus Roseus.- Propyleneoxide Production by Immobilized Nocardia Corallina B-276.- Air-Oxidation of Linoleic Acid by Lipoxygenase-Containing Particles Suspended in Water-insoluble Organic Solvent.- Progress Toward Artificial Photosynthesis.- Light-Sensitization of a Microbial Protease.- Enzymatic Photosensitive Materials.- Ester Exchange of Triglyceride by Entrapped Lipase in Organic Solvent.- Solvent Production by Clostridium Acetobutylicum in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems.- Enzyme Kinetics and Mass-Transfer on Two Liquid Phase Heterogeneous Systems.- Physico-chemical Means of Increasing the Yield of End Products in Biocatalysis.- Heat-Stable L-Lactate Dehydrogenase and its Application to an Enzyme Reactor.- Multienzymes and Cofactors Immobilized within Lipid-Polyamide Membrane Microcapsules for Sequential Substrate Conversion.- Tyrosine and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-Alanine Synthesis by Citrobacter Freundii.- Enzyme Catalysts for the Stereo and Regio Selective Oxyfunctionalization of Organic Substrates.- Session III. New Immobilization Techniques of Biomaterials and their Applications.- High-Rate, Continuous Waste Processor for the Production of High BTU Gas Using Immobilized Microbes.- New Developments in the Preparation and Characterization of Polymerbound Biocatalysts.- Bioconversion of Lipophilic or Water Insoluble Compounds by Immobilized Biocatalysts in Organic Solvent Systems.- Multiple Carrier Regeneration and Enzyme Immobilization In Situ.- Viability and Biosynthetic Capacity of Immobilized Plant Cells.- Immobilized Enzymes of Heterogenous Structure.- Fibrous Support for Immobilization of Enzymes.- High Temperature Cell-Trapped Ultrafiltration Membranes.- Immobilized Modifiers for Proteins (IMPs).- Enzyme Immobilization in Porous Supports.- Immobilization of Microbial Cells Using Gelatin and Glutaraldehyde.- Immobilization of ?-Galactosidase from E. Coli CSH36 and Its Microbial Cells Using Cellulose Beads.- Hydrophobic Immobilization of Enzymes and Polynucleotides on Trityl Agarose.- Influence of the Activation Degree of the Support on the Properties of Agarose-Nuclease.- Immobilization of Biofunctional Components by Radiation Polymerization and Applications.- Immobilization of Whole Cell Glucose Isomerase within Soybean Protein.- Enzyme Stabilization in High Macromolecular Concentration Environments.- Intrinsic Stability of Thermophilic Enzymes: 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase from Bacillus Stearothermophilus and Yeast.- Stabilization of Penicillin Amidohydrolase Immobilized on Eupergit C.- Stabilization of Fumarase Activity of Brevibacterium Flavum Cells by Immobilization with k Carrageenan and Polyethyleneimine.- Application of Polyethylene Glycol-Bound NAD Derivative and Thermostable Dehydrogenase in a Model Enzyme Reactor.- Use of the Porous Mineral Spherosil as a Carrier for Enzymes: Fixation and Purification.- Session IV. Industrial Applications of Immobilized Biomaterials.- Potential Application of Immobilized Viable Cells in the Food Industry: Malolactic Fermentation of Wine.- Production of L-Tryptophan with Immobilized Cells.- Applications of Immobilized Tannin for Protein and Metal Adsorption.- Industrial Applications of Immobilized Biomaterials in China.- Production of L-Alanine from Ammonium Fumarate Using Two Types of Immobilized Microbial Cells.- New Process for Production of High Fructose Corn Syrup Using Combined Adsorption and an Enzyme Reactor.- Immobilized Multienzyme Systems for Starch Processing.- Glucoamylase Covalently Coupled to Porous Glass.- Rotary Multidisc Reactor of Collagen Supported Immobilized Glucoamylase.- Kinetics for the Hydrolysis of Soluble Starch by Glucoamylase and Application to an Immobilized Enzyme System.- Reduced Thermostability of Modified Mucor Miehei Rennet.- Application of Immobilized Enzymes to Milk Curdling..- Production of 7-Aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic Acid by Immobilized E. coli Cells.- Technical Applications of Lactase and Aminoacid Acylase Iiranobilized to Form Plexazym.- Continuous Hydrolysis of Lactose in Skim Milk and Acid Whey by Immobilized Lactase of Aspergillus Oryzae.- Lactic Acid Fermentation with Immobilized Lactobacillus Sp.- Production of 1-Malic Acid with Immobilized Thermophilic Bacteriumr Thermus Rubens Nov. sp.- Continuous Hydrolysis of Concentrated Sucrose Solutions by Immobilized Invertase.- A Series of Covalently Bonded Enzymes and Their Applications.- The Application of Fluidized Beds for Improved Enzyme Reactor Performance.- Control of Continuous Coenzyme Regeneration.- A New Approach to Membrane Reactor Design and Operation.- Influence of Compaction in Gel-Immobilized Enzyme Packed Bed Reactors.- Session V. Biomass Conversion with Energy Production.- Enzymatic Removal of Hazardous Pollutants from Industrial Aqueous Effluents.- Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose: Effects of Structural Properties of Cellulose on Hydrolysis Kinetics.- Continuous Ethanol Fermentation by Immobilized Biocatalysts.- An Immobilized Yeast Cell Column for the Fermentation of Molasses.- Pilot Operation for Continuous Alcohol Fermentation of Molasses in an Immobilized Bioreactor.- Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose.- ATP Regeneration by Enzymes of Alcohol Fermentation and Kinases of Yeast and Its Computer Simulation.- Extracellular Cellulases Produced by a Yeast-Like Fungus.- Relationship Between Extracellular Proteases and the Cellulase Complex of Trichoderma Reesei.- Session VI. Analytical Applications of Immobilized Biomaterials.- Binding Assays Involving Separation in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems: Partition Affinity Ligand Assay (PALA).- Use of Immobilized Enzyme Reactors in Automated Clinical Analyses.- Immobilized Enzymes in Analysis: Applications and Economic Aspects.- Microbial Sensors for Gas Analysis.- Analytical Uses of Immobilized Enzymes.- Cost Analysis and Viability of Immobilized Enzymes in Routine Analysis.- Multipurpose Enzyme-Collagen Membrane Electrodes.- Long-Term Stability of Air-Dried Enzyme Electrodes with Selective Enzymic Collagen Membranes.- Enzyme Electrodes Based on Insolubilized Enzyme Membranes Coupled with an Electrochemical Transducer.- Potentiometrie Glucose Sensor: Enzymatic Activity and Potentiometrie Measurements.- Microbial Sensor for Preliminary Screening of Mutagens.- Application of Microbial Electrode to Analysis of Waste Water.- Biosensors Based on Enzyme Amplification and Immunochemical Selectivity.- Application of Chemiluminescence of Cypridina Luciferin Analog to Immobilized Enzyme Sensors.- Use of Hydrogen Sensitive Pd-MOS Components in Biochemical Analysis.- Computer Controlled Mass Spectrometer Monitoring of Fermentations.- Session VII. Medical Applications of Enzyme Technology.- Immobilized Heparinase: Production, Purification, and Application in Extracorporeal Therapy.- Clinical Utility of Urokinase-Treated Polymer for Antithrombogenic Material.- Artificial Cell Immobilized Multienzyme Systems and Cofactors.- Antithrombogenic Activity of Artificial Medical Materials Improved by Enzyme Immobilization Techniques.- Application of Immobilized Enzymes for Biomaterials Used in the Field of Thoracic Surgery.- Use of Immobilization Principles for the Construction of Drug Targeting Systems.- Application of Bioreactors with Immobilized L-Asparaginase.- Acyl-CoA Synthetase and Acyl-CoA Oxidase for Determination of Serum Free Fatty Acids.- Enzyme Immunoassay for Free Thyroxine.- Routine Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide in Clinical Chemistry with Immobilized Aldehyde Dehydrogenase.- Enzyme Electrodes for Simultaneous Determination of Creatinine and Creatine in Serum or Whole Blood.- Session VIII. Genetic Engineering for Enzyme (Or Important Biological Substances) Production.- Construction of Various Host Vector Systems and the Variation of Enzyme Levels.- Enzymes Active on Unnatural Synthetic Compounds: Nylon Oligomer Hydrolases Controlled by a Plasmid and Their Cloning.- Closing Session.- Recent Developments and Future Aspects of Enzyme Engineering.- List of Participants.

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