Separation and continuous flow techniques
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書誌事項
Separation and continuous flow techniques
（Modern analytical chemistry, . Chemical derivatization in analytical chemistry ; v. 2）
Plenum, c1982
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内容説明・目次
内容説明
With the second volume in this senes we have continued the theme of Volume 1 and expanded more generally into separation and continuous- flow techniques. The first chapter gives an account on flow injection analysis. Thi~ technique has gained considerable interest in the recent past and offers many facets of the use of chemistry in automated analysis procedures. One of these facets is certainly also the use of ion-pairing reactions, and we have been fortunate to get two well-known experts to treat this subject. The use of ion-pairing techniques is being discussed from a batch extraction (sample handling) point of view as well as for flow injection and chromato- graphic purposes. Immobilized enzymes are another area of major attention and their multidirectional use in analytical chemistry is illuminated in Chapter 3 with special emphasis on their use in connection with liquid chromatography. Needless to say, similar techniques have also found their way into con- tinuous-flow methodology (Auto-Analyzers) and many of the aspects dis- cussed in Chapter 3 are adaptable to this end.
The need and recent urgency for separation of optical isomers in many areas, particularly pharmaceutical and clinical analysis, has spurred a flurry of activity in this special section of chromatography. The current status of the field of optical isomer separation is competently reviewed in Chapter 4. Again this is a typical area wherein it is the proper use of chemistry that finally delivers a solution. The last two chapters deal with precolumn or prechromatographic derivatization techniques.
目次
1. Flow Injection Analysis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Principles of FIA.- 3. Essential Components of an FIA System.- 4. The Development and Performance of a Basic FIA System.- 4.1. The Development of FIA.- 4.2. Performance of a Basic FIA System.- 5. Controlled Dispersion.- 6. Stopped-Flow and Intermittent Pumping.- 7. Sample Gradient Methods.- 8. Two-Phase Methods-Extraction.- 9. Some Special Manifolds and Applications.- 10. Detection Principles.- 10.1. Photometry.- 10.2. Fluorimetry.- 10.3. Ion-Selective Electrodes.- 10.4. Redox Electrodes.- 10.5. Electrochemical Detectors.- 10.6. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.- 10.7. Other Detection Principles.- References.- 2. Ion-Pairing Reactions in Analytical Chemistry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Principles of Ion-Pair Extraction.- 2.1. Extraction Constants.- 2.2. Determination of Extraction Constants.- 2.3. Association and Dissociation Processes.- 2.4. Protolysis in the Aqueous Phase.- 2.5. Complex Formation in the Organic Phase.- 2.6. Mechanism of Ion-Pair Extraction.- 3. Batch Extraction.- 3.1. Influence of Side Reactions.- 3.2. Back-Extraction.- 3.3. Blank Compensations.- 3.4. Applications.- 4. Continuous-Flow Systems.- 4.1. Auto-Analyzer.- 4.2. Flow Injection Analysis (FIA).- 5. Ion-Pair Chromotagraphy.- 5.1. Liquid-Liquid Systems.- 5.2. Liquid-Solid Systems.- 5.3. Increase of Detection Sensitivity by uv-Absorbing Counterion.- 5.4. Postcolumn Reactors.- References.- 3. Immobilized Enzymes as Precolumn and Postcolumn Modification Reagents in Liquid Chromatography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Characteristics of Enzyme Catalysis.- 3. Immobilized Enzyme Technology.- 3.1. Approaches to Immobilization.- 3.2. Effect of Immobilization on Enzyme Characteristics.- 4. Theoretical Aspects of Enzyme Reactors.- 4.1. Packed-Bed Reactors.- 4.2. Open Tubular Gas-Segmented Reactors.- 5. Applications.- 5.1. Precolumn Modifications.- 5.2. Postcolumn Modifications.- References.- 4. Resolution of Optical Isomers by Gas and Liquid Chromatography Structure Requirements of Sorbents and Solutes for Enantioselective Molecular Interactions.- 1. Why the Growing Interest in Separation Methods of Racemates?.- 2. Background on Optical Isomerism.- 3. Principles of Enantioselective Chromatographic Separation Mechanisms.- 4. Resolution of Racemates by Gas-Chromatography.- 4.1. Direct Resolution via Chiral Stationary Phases.- 4.2. Indirect Resolution of Racemates via Derivatization.- 5. Direct LC Resolution Methods of Racemates.- 5.1. Chiral-Ligand Exchange Chromatography (CLEC).- 5.2. Enantioselective Ion-Pair Chromatography.- 5.3. LC Resolution of Racemates via Multiple Hydrogen Bonding.- 5.4. Enantioselectivity via Charge Transfer Complexation.- 5.5. Resolution of Racemates via Chiral Cavities of Sorbents.- 6. Indirect Chromatographic Separation of Racemates.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- 5. Prechromatographic Chemical Derivatization in Liquid Chromatography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fluorescence Derivatization.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Measuring Techniques.- 2.3. Derivatization Reactions.- 3. uv-Visible-Absorbance Derivatization.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Measuring Techniques.- 3.3. Derivatization Reactions.- 4. Derivatization for Other Detection Modes.- 4.1. Derivatization for Electrochemical Detection.- 4.2. LC-Atomic Absorption.- 4.3. Radiochemical Derivatization.- References.- 6. The Pros and Cons of Derivatization in the Chromatographic Determination of Food Additives.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Emulsifiers and Stabilizers.- 2.1. Emulsifiers.- 2.2. Stabilizers.- 3. Artificial Sweeteners.- 3.1. Polyhydric Alcohols.- 3.2. Other Artificial Sweeteners.- 4. Antioxidants.- 4.1. Gas Chromatography.- 4.2. Liquid Chromatography.- 5. Preservatives.- 5.1. Organic Acids and Esters.- 5.2. Other Preservatives.- 6. Synthetic Food Colors.- 7. Gums.- 7.1. Gas Chromatography.- 7.2. Liquid Chromatography.- 8. Waxes.- References.
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