Viral infections of humans : epidemiology and control

著者

書誌事項

Viral infections of humans : epidemiology and control

edited by Alfred S. Evans

Plenum Medical Book Co., c1989

3rd ed., completely rev. and expanded

大学図書館所蔵 件 / 全24件

この図書・雑誌をさがす

注記

Includes bibliographical references and index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

The third edition of this book has been completely revised and updated, and new chapters have been added on Hantanvirus by Karl Johnson, on retroviruses by William Blattner, and on hepatocellular carcinoma by Joseph Melnick. New authors have replaced previous authors for several chapters. These include Karl Johnson on arenaviruses, Stephen Hadler and Harold Margolin on viral hepatitis, Paul Glezen and Robert Couch on influenza, Alfred S. Evans and Guy de-Th~ on Burkitt lymphoma, and Joseph Melnick, William Rawls, and Ervin Adam on cervical cancer. A summary of the major advances since the last edition in 1982 has been provided by each contributoras given below. Overall, it isclearthat the rapid advances in molecularvirology, monoclonal antibody, andrapiddiagnostictechniquesdominatetheprogress sincethe lastedition andprovideabetter understanding of pathogenesis, newer tools for epidemiologic investigation, and new methods for vac- cine production. Although there is repetition in mentionofthese advances as written by eachcontributor, the editor has let these stand to let the reader know how each interprets the impact of these new developments. I. Introduction and Concepts Chapter I. EpidemiologicConcepts and Methods: Thesectionsoncontrolofinfectiousdiseases has been much expanded to cover progress and problems in both developed and developing countries, the conceptsoferadicationandelimination, and the means to assess theneedandeffectivenessofimmuniza- tion programs.

目次

  • I. Introduction and Concepts.- 1 Epidemiologic Concepts and Methods.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definitions and Methods.- 3. Epidemics.- 4. Investigation of an Epidemic.- 5. The Agent.- 6. The Environment.- 7. The Host.- 8. Routes of Transmission.- 8.1. Respiratory.- 8.2. Gastrointestinal.- 8.3. Skin.- 8.4. Genital.- 8.5. Intrauterine or Transplacental.- 8.6. Genitourinary.- 8.7. Personal Contact.- 8.8. Water and Food.- 8.9. Arthropod-Borne.- 9. Pathogenesis.- 9.1. Respiratory.- 9.2. Gastrointestinal.- 9.3. Systemic Infections.- 9.4. The Exanthem.- 9.5. Infections of the Central Nervous System.- 9.6. Persistent Viral Infections.- 10. Incubation Period.- 11. The Immune Response.- 11.1. Humoral Immunity.- 11.2. Local Immunity (Secretory IgA System).- 11.3. Cell-Mediated Immuhity.- 11.4. Immune Responses in the Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases.- 12. Patterns of Host Response.- 12.1. The Biological Gradient.- 12.2. Clinical Syndromes.- 13. Diagnosis of Viral Diseases.- 13.1. Collection.- 13.2. Requests for Testing.- 13.3. Tests Employed.- 13.4. Interpretation of Tests.- 14. Proof of Causation.- 15. Control and Prevention.- 15.1. Immunization.- 15.2. Chemoprophylaxis and Therapy.- 16. References.- 17. Suggested Reading.- 2 Surveillance and Seroepidemiology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Surveillance.- 2.1. Historical Background.- 2.2. Types of Surveillance.- 2.3. Elements of Surveillance.- 2.4. Other Surveillance Methods.- 2.5. Predictive Surveillance and Mathematical Models.- 2.6. Evaluation of Surveillance Systems.- 2.7. Applications of Surveillance.- 2.8. Publications on Surveillance.- 3. Seroepidemiology.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Historical Background.- 3.3. Methodology.- 3.4. Advantages and Limitations.- 3.5. Uses of Seroepidemiology.- 4. References.- II. Acute Viral Infections.- 3 Adenoviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiologic Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Data.- 3.2. Interpretation of Laboratory Tests.- 4. Characteristics of the Virus.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Synopsis of Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.2. Epidemiologic and Clinical Aspects of Specific Syndromes.- 6. Mechanisms and Route of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 4 African Hemorrhagic Fevers Caused by Marburg and Ebola Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Used in Epidemiologic Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Morbidity and Mortality Data.- 3.2. Laboratory Diagnosis.- 3.3. Surveys.- 3.4. Clinical Diagnosis of Acute Infection.- 4. Characteristics of Marburg and Ebola Viruses.- 4.1. Morphology and Morphogenesis.- 4.2. Physical Properties.- 4.3. Chemical Properties.- 4.4. Biological Properties.- 4.5. Serological Relationships.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Prevalence and Incidence.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior and Contagiousness.- 5.3. Other Epidemiologic Features.- 6. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 6.1. Spread of Virus.- 6.2. Reservoir.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. In Guinea Pigs and Hamsters.- 7.2. In Nonhuman Primates.- 7.3. In Man.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Features.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Prevention and Control.- 9.1. General Concepts.- 9.2. Management and Disposition of Patients.- 9.3. General Strategy for Isolation and Management of Suspect "Exotic" Infections.- 10. Unresolved Problems: Detection of Infection and Disease.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 5 Arboviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiologic Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus That Affect the Epidemiologic Pattern.- 5. Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age and Sex.- 5.6. Other Factors.- 6. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Features.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 10. Characteristics of Selected Arboviruses.- 10.1. Arboviruses of Importance in the United States.- 10.2. Other Arboviruses in the United States That Affect Human Beings.- 10.3. Arboviruses outside the United States That Affect Human Beings.- 11. Unresolved Problems.- 11.1. The Viruses.- 11.2. The Vectors.- 11.3. The Vertebrate Hosts.- 11.4. Transmission Cycles Involving Virus,Vector, and Vertebrate.- 11.5. Disease in the Vertebrate Host.- 11.6. Control.- 12. References.- 13. Suggested Reading.- 6 Arenaviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. Mortality.- 3.2. Morbidity.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Diagnosis.- 4. The Viruses.- 4.1. Biochemical and Physical Properties.- 4.2. Morphology and Morphogenesis.- 4.3. Antigenic Properties.- 4.4. Biological Properties.- 5. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 6. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis.- 6.1. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 6.2. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 6.3. Patterns of Host Response.- 6.4. Treatment and Prevention.- 7. Argentinian Hemorrhagic Fever.- 7.1. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 7.2. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 7.3. Patterns of Host Response.- 7.4. Treatment, Control, and Prevention.- 8. Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever.- 8.1. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 8.2. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 8.3. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.4. Treatment, Prevention, and Control.- 9. Lassa Fever.- 9.1. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 9.2. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 9.3. Patterns of Host Response.- 9.4. Treatment and Disposition of Patients.- 9.5. Prevention and Control.- 10. Unresolved Questions.- 10.1. Vaccines.- 10.2. Immunopathology.- 10.3. Geographic Distribution.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 7 Coronaviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence.- 5.2. Geographic Distribution.- 5.3. Temporal Distribution.- 5.4. Age.- 5.5. Other Factors.- 6. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 8 Cytomegalovirus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. Mortality.- 3.2. Morbidity.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Diagnosis.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Prevalence and Incidence.- 5.2. Geographic Distribution.- 5.3. Age and Sex.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Occupation.- 5.6. Race and Socioeconomic Setting.- 6. Mechanism of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. Pathogenesis.- 7.2. Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Neonatal Infections.- 8.2. Infection of Children and Adults.- 9. Treatment and Prevention.- 9.1. Treatment.- 9.2. Prevention of Primary Infection in the Pregnant Woman.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 9 Enteroviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiologic Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological and Clinical Surveys.- 3.4. Virus Isolation from Surface Waters as an Indicator of Community Infections.- 3.5. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus That Affect the Epidemiologic Pattern.- 4.1. General Properties.- 4.2. Reactions to Chemical and Physical Agents.- 4.3. Antigenic Characteristics.- 4.4. Host Range in Vivo and in Vitro.- 4.5. Replication of Enteroviruses.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Key Features of Epidemiology of Enteroviruses.- 5.2. General Epidemiology of Enteroviruses.- 5.3. Epidemiologic Patterns of Poliomyelitis.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. Pathogenesis.- 7.2. Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response and Diagnosis.- 8.1. Clinical Syndromes.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Control and Prevention of Poliomyelitis.- 9.1. Killed Polio Vaccine.- 9.2. Live Attenuated Polio Vaccine.- 9.3. Conclusions on Polio Vaccines and Their Future Use.- 9.4. Social Aspects of Polio Vaccine Administration.- 9.5. Nonspecific Control Measures for Poliomyelitis.- 10. Control of Other Enterovirus Infections.- 11. Unresolved Problems.- 12. References.- 13. Suggested Reading.- 10 Epstein-Barr Virus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. Mortality Data.- 3.2. Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Agent.- 4.1. The Virus.- 4.2. Proof of Causation of Infectious Mononucleosis.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Prevalence and Incidence.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age.- 5.6. Sex.- 5.7. Race.- 5.8. Occupation.- 5.9. Occurrence in Different Settings.- 5.10. Socioeconomic Factors.- 5.11. Other Factors.- 6. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Features.- 8.2. Acute Infection.- 8.3. Chronic Mononucleosis Syndrome.- 9. Diagnosis.- 10. Control and Prevention.- 11. Unresolved Problems.- 12. References.- 13. Suggested Reading.- 11 Viral Gastroenteritis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiologic Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics.- 4.1. Norwalk Group of Viruses.- 4.2. Rotaviruses.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Norwalk Group of Viruses.- 5.2. Rotaviruses.- 6. Mechanisms and Route of Transmission.- 6.1. Norwalk Group of Viruses.- 6.2. Rotaviruses.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. Norwalk Group of Viruses.- 7.2. Rotaviruses.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Norwalk Group of Viruses.- 8.2. Rotaviruses.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 9.1. Norwalk Group of Viruses.- 9.2. Rotaviruses.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 10.1. Norwalk Group and Miscellaneous Enteric Agents.- 10.2. Rotaviruses.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 12 Hantaviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. History.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. Mortality.- 3.2. Morbidity.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. The Viruses.- 4.1. Biochemical and Physical Properties.- 4.2. Morphology and Morphogenesis.- 4.3. Antigenic Properties.- 4.4. Biological Properties.- 5. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 6. Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome.- 6.1. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 6.2. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 6.3. Patterns of Host Response.- 6.4. Treatment and Prevention.- 7. Nephropathia Epidemica.- 7.1. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 7.2. Patterns of Host Response.- 8. Urban or Rattus-Borne HFRS.- 9. Unresolved Questions.- 9.1. Hantavirus Immunotypes.- 9.2. Pathogenesis of Infection in Man.- 9.3. Vaccines.- 10. References.- 11. Suggested Reading.- 13 Viral Hepatitis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hepatitis A.- 2.1. Historical Background.- 2.2. Methodology.- 2.3. Biological Characteristics of the Organism.- 2.4. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 2.5. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 2.6. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 2.7. Patterns of Host Response.- 2.8. Control and Prevention.- 2.9. Unresolved Problems.- 3. Hepatitis B.- 3.1. Historical Background.- 3.2. Methodology.- 3.3. Biological Characteristics of the Organism.- 3.4. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 3.5. Mechanism and Routes of Transmission.- 3.6. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 3.7. Patterns of Host Response.- 3.8. Control and Prevention.- 3.9. Unresolved Problems.- 4. Delta Hepatitis.- 4.1. Historical Background.- 4.2. Methodology.- 4.3. Biological Characteristics.- 4.4. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 4.5. Mechanism and Routes of Transmission.- 4.6. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 4.7. Patterns of Host Response.- 4.8. Control and Prevention.- 4.9. Unresolved Problems.- 5. Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis: Parenterally Transmitted and Sporadic.- 5.1. Historical Background.- 5.2. Methodology.- 5.3. Biological Characteristics.- 5.4. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.5. Mechanism and Routes of Transmission.- 5.6. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 5.7. Patterns of Host Response.- 5.8. Control and Prevention.- 5.9. Unanswered Questions.- 6. Enterically Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis.- 6.1. Historical Background.- 6.2. Methodology.- 6.3. Biological Characteristics of the Organism.- 6.4. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 6.5. Mechanism and Routes of Transmission.- 6.6. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 6.7. Patterns of Host Response.- 6.8. Control and Prevention.- 6.9. Unresolved Problems.- 7. References.- 14 Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2.- 1. Introduction and Social Significance.- 2. Evolutionary and Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiologic Analysis.- 3.1. Mortality.- 3.2. Morbidity.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Diagnosis.- 4. Biological Characteristics of HSV-1 and HSV-2.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. General Epidemiology.- 5.2. Epidemiologic Aspects of Specific Clinical Entities.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Mouth and Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Tracts.- 8.2. Lips.- 8.3. Eyes.- 8.4. Skin.- 8.5. Urogenital Tract.- 8.6. Nervous System.- 8.7. Fetus and Newborn.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 9.1. Prevention of the Initial Infection.- 9.2. Reducing the Source of Virus Transmissible to Others.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 10.1. Reporting.- 10.2. Virological Aspects.- 10.3. Host Factors.- 10.4. Control and Prevention.- 10.5. Relation to Infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).- 11. References.- 15 Influenza Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. History.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiologic Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of Influenza.- 4.1. General Properties.- 4.2. Antigenic Variation and Genetics of Influenza Viruses.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence Data.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Serological Surveys.- 5.6. Age.- 5.7. Race, Sex, and Occupation.- 5.8. Nosocomial Infections.- 5.9. Socioeconomic Status.- 6. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. Pathogenesis.- 7.2. Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Features.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Control.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 16 Measles.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiologic Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age.- 5.6. Sex.- 5.7. Race.- 5.8. Occupation.- 5.9. Social Setting.- 5.10. Socioeconomic Status.- 5.11. Nutrition.- 6. Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Features of Unusual Forms.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 10.1. Immunization in Less-Developed Countries.- 10.2. Eradication.- 10.3. Measles and Multiple Sclerosis.- 11. References.- 17 Mumps.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. The Agent.- 4. Methodology Involved in Epidemiologic Analysis.- 4.1. Sources of Data.- 4.2. Serological Surveys.- 4.3. Laboratory Methods.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence.- 5.2. Survey Data.- 5.3. Epidemic Behavior and Contagiousness.- 5.4. Geographic Distribution.- 5.5. Temporal Distribution.- 5.6. Age.- 5.7. Sex.- 5.8. Race and Occupation.- 5.9. Occurrence in Different Settings.- 5.10. Other Factors.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Common Clinical Features.- 8.2. Involvement of the Central Nervous System.- 8.3. Involvement of the Heart.- 8.4. Orchitis and Sterility.- 8.5. Mumps and Diabetes.- 8.6. Other Complications.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 18 Parainfluenza Viruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiologic Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus That Affect the Epidemiologic Pattern.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence Data.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age Distribution.- 5.6. Sex.- 5.7. Race and Occupation.- 5.8. Occurrence in Special Epidemiologic Settings.- 5.9. Socioeconomic Status.- 6. Mechanisms and Route of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. Pathogenesis.- 7.2. Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Manifestations.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Control and Prevention Based on Epidemiologic Data.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 19 Rabies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiologic Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus That Affect the Epidemiologic Pattern.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age, Sex, Race, Occupation
  • Socioeconomic, Nutritional, and Genetic Factors.- 6. Mechanisms and Route of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Features.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 9.1. Epidemiologic Methods.- 9.2. Immunization Concepts and Practice.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 10.1. Wildlife Rabies.- 10.2. Rabies-Related Viruses.- 10.3. Vaccines.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 20 Respiratory Syncytial Virus.- 1. Introduction and Historical Background.- 2. Methodology Involved in Epidemiologic Analysis.- 2.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 2.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 2.3. Serological Surveys.- 2.4. Laboratory Methods.- 3. Biological Characteristics of the Viruses That Affect the Epidemiologic Pattern.- 4. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 4.1. Incidence and Prevalence Data.- 4.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 4.3. Geographic Distribution.- 4.4. Temporal Distribution.- 4.5. Age.- 4.6. Sex.- 4.7. Race.- 4.8. Occupation.- 4.9. Occurrence in Different Settings.- 4.10. Socioeconomic Status.- 4.11. Other Factors.- 5. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 6. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7. Patterns of Host Response.- 7.1. Symptoms.- 7.2. Diagnosis.- 8. Control and Prevention.- 8.1. Treatment.- 8.2. Immunoprophylaxis.- 9. Unresolved Problems.- 10. References.- 21 Retroviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methods for Epidemiologic Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Diagnosis.- 4. Biological Characteristics of Human Retroviruses.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Epidemiology of HTLV-I.- 5.2. Descriptive Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 6.1. HTLV-I.- 6.2. HIV.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. HTLV-I and ATL.- 7.2. HIV and AIDS.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. HTLV-I.- 8.2. HIV-1.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 9.1. HTLV-I.- 9.2. HIV.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 10.1. HTLV-I.- 10.2. HIV-1.- 10.3. Other Retroviruses.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 22 Rhinoviruses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiologic Analysis.- 3.1. Surveillance and Sampling.- 3.2. Methods of Virus Isolation and Propagation.- 3.3. Methods Used for Serological Surveys and Antibody Measurements.- 4. Characteristics of the Virus That Affect the Epidemiologic Pattern.- 4.1. Physical and Biochemical Characteristics.- 4.2. Biological Characteristics.- 4.3. Antigenic Characteristics.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence of Infection.- 5.2. Occurrence in Different Settings.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis.- 8. Immunity.- 9. Patterns of Host Response.- 9.1. Clinical Features.- 9.2. Apparent/Inapparent Infection Ratios.- 10. Control and Prevention.- 11. Unresolved Problems.- 12. References.- 13. Suggested Reading.- 23 Rubella.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. Mortality Data.- 3.2. Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age and Sex.- 5.6. Other Factors.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Manifestations.- 8.2. Serological Responses.- 9. Control.- 9.1. Vaccine Development.- 9.2. Responses to Rubella Vaccines.- 9.3. Rubella Vaccination Strategies: Their Impact on Rubella and Congenital Rubella.- 9.4. Vaccination during Pregnancy.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 10.1. Persistence of Vaccine-Induced Immunity.- 10.2. Reinfection.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 24 Smallpox.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiologic Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence Data.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age.- 5.6. Sex.- 5.7. Race.- 5.8. Occupation.- 5.9. Occurrence in Different Settings.- 5.10. Socioeconomic Status.- 5.11. Other Factors.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 6.1. Period of Communicability.- 6.2. Contact Spread.- 6.3. Airborne Spread.- 6.4. Spread by Fomites.- 6.5. Vectors.- 6.6. Animal Reservoirs.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. Pathogenesis.- 7.2. Immunity.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 9. Control and Prevention Based on Epidemiologic Data.- 9.1. Control Program.- 9.2. Immunization Concepts and Practice.- 9.3. Success of the Program.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 25 Varicella-Herpes Zoster Virus.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Definition.- 1.2. Social Significance.- 2. Historical Background.- 2.1. Clinical Recognition.- 2.2. Association of Varicella with Herpes Zoster.- 2.3. Isolation and Propagation of the Etiologic Agent of Varicella-Zoster.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiologic Analysis.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity Data.- 3.3. Serological Surveys.- 3.4. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus That Affect the Epidemiologic Pattern.- 4.1. Latency in the Human Host: Primary Infection, Latency, and Reactivation.- 4.2. Failure of Varicella-Zoster Virus to Persist in Scabs or Fomites: Limited Period of Communicability.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence and Prevalence Data.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Geographic Distribution.- 5.4. Temporal Distribution.- 5.5. Age.- 5.6. Sex.- 5.7. Race.- 5.8. Occupation.- 5.9. Occurrence of Varicella in Different Settings.- 5.10. Socioeconomic Status.- 5.11. Other Factors.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 6.1. Varicella.- 6.2. Herpes Zoster.- 7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 7.1. Varicella.- 7.2. Herpes Zoster.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Patterns.- 8.2. Diagnosis.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 9.1. General Concepts.- 9.2. Interruption of Transmission.- 9.3. Modification or Prevention of Varicella.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 10.1. Prevention and Treatment.- 10.2. Pathogenesis.- 10.3. Epidemiologic Unknowns.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 12.1. Comprehensive Review of the Epidemiology of Varicella ...- 12.2. General Summary of Recent Advances.- 12.3. Reviews of Congenital Infection and Infection in Pregnancy...- 12.4. Studies on Oka-Strain Varicella Vaccine.- 12.5. Summary of Knowledge of the Herpesviruses of Man.- III. Malignant and Chronic Neurological Diseases Associated with Viruses.- 26 Cervical Cancer.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. General Considerations.- 3.2. Definition of Cervical Neoplasia.- 3.3. Viral Markers.- 3.4. Biology of Cervical Cancer.- 5. Epidemiologic Features of Cervical Cancer.- 6. Laboratory Evidence of the Association of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 and Human Papillomaviruses with Cervical Cancer.- 6.1. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2.- 6.2. Human Papillomaviruses.- 7. Retrospective Studies of the Association of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 and Human Papillomaviruses with Cervical Cancer.- 7.1. Seroepidemiologic Case-Control Studies of the Association of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 with Genital Neoplasia.- 7.2. Studies of the Association of Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Neoplasia by Detection of Type-Specific Papillomavirus DNA.- 8. Prospective Studies of the Association of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 and Human Papillomaviruses with Genital Neoplasia.- 8.1. Herpes Simplex Virus Infection.- 8.2. Human Papillomavirus Infections.- 9. Neoplasia of the Vulva.- 9.1. Herpes Simplex Virus Type-2-Related Studies.- 9.2. Human Papillomavirus-Related Studies.- 10. Dual Herpes Simplex Virus and Human Papillomavirus Infections.- 10.1. Cervical Neoplasia.- 10.2. Vulvar Neoplasia.- 11. The Hypothesis of the Initiating and Promoting Roles of Viruses in Female Genital Neoplasia.- 12. References.- 27 Burkitt Lymphoma.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. Mortality and Morbidity Data.- 3.2. Serological Surveys.- 3.3. Laboratory Methods and Diagnosis.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 4.1. Structure of the Virus.- 4.2. Cell-Virus Relationship.- 4.3. Epstein-Barr Virus-Determined Antigens.- 4.4. Latency and Cellular Transformation by EBV.- 4.5. Relationship of Epstein-Barr Virus to Burkitt Lymphoma.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence.- 5.2. Geographic Factors.- 5.3. Age and Sex.- 5.4. Other Risk Factors and Cofactors.- 5.5. Genetic Factors.- 5.6. Socioeconomic Factors.- 5.7. Immune Deficiency.- 6. Mechanism and Route of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis.- 7.1. Role of Malaria.- 7.2. Epstein-Barr Virus.- 7.3. Chromosomal Translocations.- 7.4. Viral Oncogenes.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical and Pathological Features.- 8.2. Diagnostic Laboratory Characteristics.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 9.1. General Approach.- 9.2. Vaccine.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 28 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology Involved in Epidemiologic and Virological Studies.- 3.1. Sources of Mortality Data.- 3.2. Sources of Morbidity (Incidence) Data.- 3.3. Sources of Relative-Frequency Data.- 3.4. Serological Studies.- 3.5. Sociological Studies.- 3.6. Laboratory Diagnosis.- 4. Biological Characteristics of Epstein-Barr Virus in Its Relationship with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Incidence, Frequency, and Geographic Distribution.- 5.2. Epidemic Behavior.- 5.3. Sex and Age.- 5.4. Occupation.- 5.5. Change of Risk on Migration.- 5.6. Environmental Factors.- 5.7. Genetic Factors.- 5.8. Epidemiologic Behavior of Epstein-Barr Virus.- 6. Mechanism of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 8.1. Clinical Course of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.- 8.2. Clinical Types of Disease.- 9. Control and Prevention.- 10. Unresolved Problems and Projects for the Future.- 10.1. The Role of Epstein-Barr Virus in the Management and Control of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.- 10.2. Chemical and Environmental Factors in the Causation of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.- 10.3. Conclusion.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 29 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Caused by Hepatitis B Virus.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Methodology.- 3.1. Mortality and Morbidity Data.- 3.2. Serological Surveys.- 3.3. Laboratory Methods.- 4. Biological Characteristics of the Agent.- 4.1. Molecular Biology of HBV in HCC.- 4.2. Animal Models of HBV Infection and HCC.- 5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.1. Prevalence, Incidence, and Geographic Distribution.- 5.2. Age and Sex.- 5.3. Race.- 5.4. Socioeconomic Factors.- 5.5. Other Factors.- 6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 7. Pathogenesis and Pathology.- 8. Patterns of Host Response.- 9. Control and Immunization.- 10. Unresolved Problems.- 11. References.- 12. Suggested Reading.- 30 Chronic Neurological Diseases: Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis, Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy, Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Clarence.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Historical Background.- 2.3. Methodology.- 2.4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 2.5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 2.6. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 2.7. Patterns of Host Response.- 2.8. Control and Prevention.- 2.9. Unresolved Problems.- 3. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy.- 3.1. Introduction and Historical Background.- 3.2. Methodology.- 3.3. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 3.4. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 3.5. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 3.6. Patterns of Host Response.- 3.7. Unresolved Problems.- 4. Kuru.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Historical Background.- 4.3. Methodology.- 4.4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 4.5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 4.6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 4.7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 4.8. Patterns of Host Response.- 4.9. Control and Prevention.- 4.10. Unresolved Problems.- 5. Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Historical Background.- 5.3. Methodology.- 5.4. Biological Characteristics of the Virus.- 5.5. Descriptive Epidemiology.- 5.6. Mechanisms and Routes of Transmission.- 5.7. Pathogenesis and Immunity.- 5.8. Patterns of Host Response.- 5.9. Control and Prevention.- 5.10. Unresolved Problems.- 6. Summary and Comparison.- 7. Unresolved Problems.- 8. Epilogue.- 9. References.- 10. Suggested Reading.

「Nielsen BookData」 より

詳細情報

ページトップへ