Laser applications in medicine and biology

著者

• Wolbarsht, Myron

書誌事項

Laser applications in medicine and biology

edited by M.L. Wolbarsht

Plenum Press, c1971-1989

• v. 1
• v. 2
• v. 3
• v. 4
• v. 5

注記

Includes bibliographies and indexes

内容説明・目次

巻冊次

v. 1 ISBN 9780306371615

内容説明

If a basic advance in physics has any practical applications, among the first are those in biology and medicine. This is quite striking when one considers even such unlikely things as the Mossbauer effect and X rays. Within a very short period of their discovery, they had welI-formulated biological and medical applications. The discovery of the laser is no exception. AIthough the theoretical basis for it was established in 1917 by Einstein, the techniques and materials necessary for building a laser were not then available. The laser has revitalized everything connected with optics. It has furnished the experimenter and the teacher with a pseudo-point source. It has translated many a theoretical experiment into one that can be realized practicalIy. The highly monochromatic and coherent aspects of the light, in addition to the high power levels that can be attained, add greatly to the usefulness in this regard. The industrial applictions range from punching holes in baby bottle nipples to a surveyor's instrument of such accuracy that it can plot tlie position of the moon relative to the earth within a few feet. Many years of very informal meeting on the subject of lasers in medicine and biology have been sponsored by the Gordon Research Conferences. The present book is an outgrowth of the discussions that took place at these meetings, aIthough it is in no sense a symposium report.

目次

1 Laser Characteristics that Might be Useful in Biology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Characteristics of Laser Output.- 2.1. Energy.- 2.2. Temporal Distribution of Laser Output.- 2.3. Coherence and Modes.- 2.4. Angular Distribution.- 2.5. Spectral Distribution.- 2.6. Polarization.- 2.7. Physical Size of a Laser System.- 2.8. Experimental Parameters.- 3. Applications in Biology and Medicine.- 3.1. Use of High Energy.- 3.2. Use of Coherence.- 3.3. Use of Monochromaticity.- 3.4. Use of High Power Density.- References.- 2 Calibration of Lasers-Necessity and Techniques.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Measurement in Living Tissue.- 3. Measurement of Laser Parameters.- 3.1. General Considerations.- 3.2. Energy and Power Measurement.- 4. The Problems Associated with a Specific Case of Energy Measurement.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. A Laser Energy Monitor.- 4.3. A Particular Case of Systematic Error.- 5. Pulse Monitoring.- 5.1. The Need for Monitoring.- 5.2. Methods of Monitoring.- 5.3. Standards.- References.- 3 Laser Effects on Normal and Tumor Tissue.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Reaction of Normal and Tumor Tissue.- 2.1. High Energy.- 2.2. High Power.- 2.3. Gas Lasers.- 3. Energy Levels Necessary for Cellular Destruction.- 4. Effect of Adjuvant Agents.- 4.1. X-Irradiation.- 4.2. Chemotherapeutic Agents.- 5. Adverse Reactions to Laser Treatment.- 5.1. Free Radicals.- 5.2. Pressure.- 5.3. Splatter.- 5.4. Temperature.- 6. Histological Findings.- 6.1. Liver Preparation.- 6.2. Examination of Normal Liver.- 6.3. Vx2 Carcinoma Treatment in Liver.- 6.4. Tumor Examination.- 6.5. Thermal Effects.- 7. Current Studies.- 8. Laser's Future.- References.- 4 Cell Biology by Laser Light.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Macromolecule Studies.- 2.1. Amino Acids.- 2.2. Proteins.- 2.3. Nucleic Acids.- 3. Organelle Studies.- 3.1. Cell Walls.- 3.2. Nuclei.- 3.3. Cytoplasm.- 3.4. Mitochondria.- 3.5. Chloroplasts.- 4. Metabolism Studies.- 4.1. Respiration.- 4.2. Photosynthesis.- 5. Continuity and Development Studies.- 5.1. Cell Division.- 5.2. Growth.- 5.3. Differentiation.- 6. Summary.- References.- 5 Dentistry and the Laser.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Anatomy of Dental Structures.- 1.2. Dental Diseases.- 2. Early Investigations.- 3. Current Investigations.- 3.1. Hard Tissues.- 3.2. Soft Tissues.- 4. Potential Applications.- 5. Summary.- References.- 6 Ocular Damage from Laser Radiation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interaction of Radiation and Matter.- 2.1. Interaction at Low Levels of Radiation.- 2.2. Interaction at High Levels of Radiation.- 2.3. Effects of Light on Biological Systems.- 3. Effects of Laser Radiation on Biological Systems.- 3.1. General Remarks.- 3.2. Photochemical Processes.- 3.3. Thermal Processes.- 3.4. Acoustic and Nonlinear Effects.- 3.5. Ocular Damage from Laser Radiation.- 4. Models for Ocular Damage.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Corneal Damage from CO2 Laser.- 4.3. Retinal Damage from Lasers.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- Appendix-Heat Flow Problems.- References.- 7 The Development of Laser Safety Criteria-Biological Considerations.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. The Basis for Hazard Criteria-Potential Ocular Injury.- 1.2. Threshold for Ocular Damage-Physical Considerations.- 1.3. Physical Terminology.- 1.4. Mathematical Relationships.- 2. Establishing Safe Exposure Levels for Health and Safety.- 2.1. Background.- 2.2. Examples of Exposure Levels.- 2.3. Regulatory Standards.- 3. Laser Safe Levels.- 3.1. General Considerations.- 3.2. Present Status of Recommended Laser Safe Levels.- 3.3. Biologic Basis for Ocular Exposure Levels.- 4. Probability of Injury, Applicability of Laser Safe Levels, and Accident Experience.- 4.1. General.- 4.2. Considerations of Space.- 4.3. Consideration of Accommodation of the Emmetropic Eye.- 4.4. Consideration of Ocular Orientation.- 4.5. Accident Experience.- 4.6. Summary.- 5. Pupil Size.- 6. Spectral Considerations.- 7. The Retinal Image Size.- 8. Biological Data of Retinal Damage.- 8.1. Retinal Burns from Non-Laser Sources, Early Studies.- 8.2. Solar Retinitis-Quantitative Aspects.- 8.3. Solar Retinitis-Qualitative Aspects..- 8.4. The Nuclear Fireball.- 8.5. High-Intensity Arcs and Incandescent Lamps.- 8.6. Laser Studies.- 8.7. Interpretation of the Influence of Image Size on Retinal Damage Thresholds.- 8.8. Theories of Injury Mechanism and Mathematical Models.- 9. The Ultraviolet and Far-Infrared Regions of the Spectrum.- 9.1. Ultraviolet.- 9.2. Far-Infrared.- 10. The Skin.- 11. Summary of Safe Levels.- 11.1. Future Requirements.- 11.2. Diffuse Levels.- 11.3. Repetitive Pulse Lasers.- 12. Laser Hazard Controls-Practical Considerations.- References.- 8 Lasers in Ophthalmology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Use of Photocoagulation in Treating Ocular Diseases.- 3. Development of Laser Use in Ophthalmology.- 4. Laser Photocoagulators.- 5. Techniques of Laser Photocoagulation.- 6. Diseases of the Macula.- 6.1. Use of Fluorescein Retinal Angiography.- 6.2. Use of Laser Photocoagulation in the Treatment of Macular Diseases.- 6.3. Conclusions as to the Usefulness of Laser Photocoagulation in the Treatment of Some Macular Diseases.- 7. Diabetic Retinopathy.- 8. Protocol for Eye Examination of Laser Workers.- References.- 9 Models in Pathology-Mechanisms of Action of Laser Energy with Biological Tissues.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Nature of Models.- 3. Types of Models.- 4. Application of Models Through Interpretation of Pathology.- 4.1. Physical Effects.- 4.2. Biological Effects.- 4.3. Skin as a Model System.- 4.4. The Concept of Threshold.- 4.5. Biological Amplification.- 4.6. Physical Amplification.- 4.7. Functional Damage and the Eye.- 4.8. The Correlation of Pathology with Models as Related to Retinal Damage.- 5. Detailed Examination of a Simple Thermal Model for the Retinal Image.- 5.1. Pathology of a Threshold Lesion to be Explained by a Thermal Model.- 5.2. Physical Consequences of the Thermal Model.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- Author Index.

巻冊次

v. 2 ISBN 9780306371622

内容説明

In the intervening years since the publication of Volume I, the develop- ment of new uses for the various types of lasers has proceeded at a rate more rapid than even the most fanciful dreamers envisioned. Of course, the main effort has been on the laser itself-new wavelengths, shorter and longer time domains for pulses, increases in power, and, most important, greater reliability. In its first stage the laser was described as a solution in search of a problem. The production of holograms was one problem whose solution seemed to involve large number of lasers. However that proposal had its own difficulties, for the hologram itself was described as a solution searching for a problem. But all of that now is a chapter from ancient history . On the current scene the laser is used in industrial pro- duction lines, as a classroom item at all levels of education, and in com- mercial usage such that the public is generally exposed to the laser devices themselves. Trial runs have been made, e. g. , of laser-based supermarket checkout devices and as commercial exploitation of this item begins, cer- tainly many more similar adaptations will follow. However, the shift in emphasis from research usage of lasers to de- velopment and production has been relative rather than absolute. The use of the laser in research has not lessened; rather it has grown at as fast a pace. Yet a similar trend is seen there also.

目次

1 Microbeams.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Instrumentation.- 2.1. General Considerations.- 2.2. Ruby Laser Microbeams.- 2.3. Argon Laser Microbeams.- 2.4. Neodymium Laser Microbeams.- 2.5. Other Laser Microbeam-Like Systems.- 2.6. Available Laser Wavelengths.- 3. Methodologies Employed with Microbeam Irradiation.- 3.1. Cell Culture.- 3.2. Vital Dye Sensitization.- 3.3. Light Microscopy.- 3.4. Electron Microscopy.- 3.5. Biochemical Analysis.- 4. Studies on Cell Function and Structure.- 4.1. Multicellular Plants.- 4.2. Unicellular Organisms.- 4.3. Embryos and Eggs.- 4.4. Tissue Culture Cells-Ruby and Neodymium Lasers.- 4.5. Tissue Culture Cells-Argon Laser.- 4.6. Microbeam Studies on the Nervous System.- 5. Conclusion.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 2 Lasers in Ophthalmology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Coherence.- 3. Consequences of Coherence.- 3.1. Fringe Visibility.- 3.2. Beam Collimation.- 3.3. Resolution.- 4. Lasers.- 4.1. Ideal and Real Lasers.- 4.2. Lasers Used in Ophthalmology.- 5. The Eye.- 6. The Laser Refractor.- 7. Laser Acuity Testing.- 7.1. The Acuity of the Eye.- 7.2. Modulation Transfer Function.- 7.3. Laser Visual Acuity Tester.- 8. Retinal Visual Acuity in the Case of Cataracts.- 9. The Laser Cane.- 10. Laser Treatment for Corneal Ulcers.- 11. Laser Photocoagulation.- 11.1 Ruby Laser Coagulator.- 11.2. Argon Ion Laser Coagulator.- 12. Conclusion.- References.- 3 Holography of the Eye: A Critical Review.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Applications.- 2.1. Three-Dimensional Records.- 2.2. Detection of Abnormalities.- 2.3. Measurement of Abnormalities in Three Dimensions.- 2.4. Information Storage.- 2.5. Retrospective Study of the Entire Eye.- 2.6. Contour Mapping.- 2.7. Measurement of Changes Within the Eye.- 2.8. High Resolution of Fundus.- 2.9. Measurement of Optical Constants of the Eye.- 3. Possible Methods of Hologram Formation.- 3.1. Fresnel Hologram.- 3.2. Fraunhofer Hologram.- 3.3. Fourier Transform Hologram.- 3.4. Lensless Fourier Transform Hologram.- 4. Methods of Achieving Magnification.- 4.1. Magnification Due Solely to the Holographic Process.- 4.2. Holography of a Premagnified Object.- 4.3. Magnification Subsequent to the Holographic Process.- 5. Special Holographic Techniques.- 5.1. Holographic Interferometry.- 5.2. Holographic Contour Generation.- 6. Choice of Parameters.- 6.1. Wavelength.- 6.2. Retinal Energy Density.- 6.3. Exposure Duration.- 6.4. Recording Materials.- 7. Speckle.- 8. Holograms of the Eye.- 9. Proposed Applications of Ocular Holography.- 9.1. Holographic Interferometry.- 9.2. High Resolution Image of the Optic Fundus.- 9.3. Measurement of Optical Constants of the Eye.- 10. Summary.- Acknowledgments.- Appendix-Information Content of Eye Holograms.- References.- 4 Quantitative Laser Microprobe Analysis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Instrumentation.- 2.1. Laser Head.- 2.2. Microscope Head.- 2.3. Emission Spectrography.- 2.4. Mass Spectrometry.- 2.5. Atomic Absorption.- 3. Standardization.- 4. Sample Preparation.- 5. Applications.- 5.1. Forensic and Toxicological Applications.- 5.2. Applications to Tissues.- 5.3. Applications to Teeth, Bones, and Skin.- 5.4. Applications to Body Fluids.- 5.5. Applications to Plants.- 5.6. Applications to Nonmammalian Biology.- 6. Sensitivity.- 7. Laser Microprobe vs. Other Probes.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 5 Laser Flow Microphotometers for Rapid Analysis and Sorting of Individual Mammalian Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Flow Microphotometry.- 2.1. General Considerations.- 2.2. Laminar Flow Chamber.- 2.3. Input Beam Optics.- 2.4. Light Collection Systems.- 2.5. Electronic Signal Processing.- 3. Flow Microfluorometry (FMF).- 3.1. FMF II.- 3.2. Beam Optics.- 3.3. Signal Processing.- 3.4. Results.- 3.5. Resolution.- 4. Biological Applications of FMF II.- 4.1. Life Cycle Analysis and Relative DNA Quantitation.- 4.2. Chemotherapeutic Agent Effects.- 4.3. Cell-Surface Architecture Studies.- 4.4. Fluorescein-Labeled Antigen-Antibody Measurements.- 5. Preparation of Cell Samples for FMF Analysis.- 5.1. Cell Dispersal and Fixation.- 5.2. DNA Staining Procedures.- 5.3. Protein Staining.- 6. Multiparameter Cell Analysis and Sorting.- 6.1. Description of the Multiparameter Cell Sorter (MPS-1).- 6.2. Electronic Cell Sensing.- 6.3. Fluorescence Detection.- 6.4. Light Scattering.- 6.5. Multiparameter Signal Processing.- 6.6. Multiparameter Analysis and Sorting Applications.- 6.7. Tumor Cell Identification and Separation.- 6.8. White Blood Cell Differential.- 7. Light Scattering.- 7.1. Models for Mammalian Cells.- 7.2. Exact Electromagnetic Theory Considerations.- 7.3. Experimental Verification for Live Mammalian Cells in Suspension.- 7.4. Flow Microphotometric Measurements.- 8. Future Applications.- 8.1. Instrumentation.- 8.2. Biological Applications.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 6 Biological Damage Resulting from Thermal Pulses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Calculation of the Temperature Distribution.- 3. Chemical Rate Equations.- 4. Biological Results at Elevated Temperatures.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 7 Laser Protective Eyewear.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Applications.- 3. Laser Viewing Enhancement Goggles.- 4. Parameters of Laser Eye Protection.- 4.1. Wavelength.- 4.2. Optical Density.- 4.3. Laser Beam Irradiance or Radiant Exposure.- 4.4. Visual Transmittance of Eyewear.- 4.5. Laser Filter Damage Threshold (Maximum Irradiance).- 4.6. Filter Curvature.- 5. Methods of Construction.- 6. Selecting Appropriate Eyewear.- 7. Commercial Sources of Laser Eye Protection.- 8. Testing Laser Eye Protection.- 9. Marking of Eye Protection.- 10. Eye Protection for Infrared Lasers.- 11. Eye Protection for Pump Lamps and Tunable Wavelength Lasers.- 12. Polarizing Filters.- 13. Dynamic Eye Protection Devices.- 14. Future Developments.- References.- 8 Lasers in Surgery.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Scope of Review.- 1.2. Characteristics of Lasers.- 1.3. Interaction of Radiation with Tissue.- 2. Critical Review and History of Laser Surgery.- 2.1. Pulsed Ruby and Neodymium Laser Surgery.- 2.2. Carbon Dioxide Laser Surgery.- 3. Carbon Dioxide Laser Surgery.- 3.1. Instrumentation.- 3.2. Surgical Applications-Clinical and Experimental.- 4. Surgical Applications of Other Lasers.- 4.1. Ruby Laser.- 4.2. Argon Ion Laser.- 4.3. Neodymium in Yttrium, Aluminum, Garnet (Nd YAG).- 5. The Future of Lasers in Surgery.- 6. Summary and Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 9 The Carbon Dioxide Laser in Clinical Surgery.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Skin Healing.- 1.2. Skin Grafts.- 1.3. Hemostatic Effect.- 1.4. Postoperative Pain.- 2. Observations on the Applicability of the Carbon Dioxide Laser in Specific Clinical Conditions.- 2.1. Burns.- 2.2. Mastopathy.- 2.3. Hemangioma.- 2.4. Cervical Erosions.- 2.5. Hemorrhoids.- 2.6. Malignant Tumors.- 2.7. Rectal Carcinoma.- 3. Design and Development of a New Carbon Dioxide Surgical Laser.- 3.1. The Laser and Optical Bench.- 3.2. The Articulated Arm and Balancing System.- 3.3. The Manipulator.- 3.4. Safety Measures.- 3.5. Mobility and Compactness of the System.- 3.6. Remote Control.- 3.7. Attachments for Specific Surgical Procedures.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 10 The Formulation of Protection Standards for Lasers.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Application of the Protection Standards.- 1.2. The Need for Regulations.- 2. Analysis of Safety Regulations in Massachusetts.- 2.1. Philosophy of Laser Regulation and Registration.- 2.2. Definitions.- 2.3. Exemptions and Exceptions.- 2.4. Data Collection.- 2.5. Protection Standards.- 2.6. Measurements for Conformance and Survey.- 2.7. Regulation.- 2.8. Specific Precautions for Outdoor Installations.- 2.9. Personnel Protection.- 2.10. Medical Surveillance.- 2.11. Appendix to Massachusetts Board of Health Rules and Regulations.- 3. The Outlook for Federal Regulations.- 4. State Regulations in the United States.- 5. Protection Standards for Retinal Hazards: Considerations of Biological Data.- 5.1. Useful Presentation of Biological Data.- 5.2. Sources of Error in the Biological Data.- 5.3. Laser Accident Data.- 5.4. Combining Data Points.- 5.5. Standards for Different Wavelengths.- 6. The Selection of Proper Format and Levels-Neither Too Detailed Nor Too Conservative.- 6.1. The Degree of Safety.- 6.2. Military Protection Standards.- 6.3. Specification of Protection Standards.- 6.4. Retinal Exposure Levels and Corneal Exposure Levels.- 6.5. Specification of Pupil Size.- 7. Extrapolation.- 7.1. Interpreting the Biological Data.- 7.2. From Cornea to Retina and Back Again.- 7.3. Relation Between Different Retinal Image Sizes and Associated Retinal Injury Thresholds.- 7.4. Thermal Models.- 7.5. Retinal Detachment.- 7.6. Melanin Granules in Pigment Epithelium as Local Hot Spots.- 7.7. Other Factors Influencing Laser Injury Spot Size: Biological and Physical Amplification.- 7.8. Infrared and Ultraviolet Laser Protection Standards.- 8. The ANSI-Z-136 Standards.- 8.1. Formulation of Protection Standard Exposure Levels.- 8.2. Limiting Apertures.- 8.3. Extended Sources.- 8.4. Correction Factor A (CA).- 8.5. Repetitively Pulsed Lasers.- 8.6. Laser Hazard Classification.- 9. Other Standards.- 10. Present Problems and Future Plans.- References.- 11 Dentistry and the Laser.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Anatomy of Dental Structures.- 1.2. Dental Diseases.- 2. Early Laser Investigations.- 3. Investigations Leading to Laser-Induced Caries Inhibition.- 3.1. Ruby Laser.- 3.2. Pulsed Carbon Dioxide Laser.- 4. Laser Effects on Dental Soft Tissue.- 5. Potential Applications.- 6. Summary.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Author Index.

巻冊次

v. 3 ISBN 9780306371639

内容説明

Much of the material in this book represents a departure from that presented earlier in the series. Volumes 1 and 2 presented almost exclusively reviews by American authors of American work. As science is international, it is rare that in two different parts of the world large groups of researchers in the same field remain relatively uninformed about each other's work. However, during the time since the initiation of this series, a large body of research has grown up in Russia that is almost unknown outside, as the original reports are largely untranslated. For this reason, an extensive review is presented here of the entire field of Russian applications of lasers in medicine and biology. Although the author, Dr. Gamaleya, has not worked directly with many of the applications, he has a general background in laser usage and has received much help from his colleagues in assembling the material. His review is restricted to Russian research. This does not mean that he is unaware of Western advances, rather that he has restricted his material to the parts that are peculiarly Russian or are significant confir- mations of earlier work. Some of the Russian developments are quite novel and will certainly suggest to the careful reader new interpretations of old data, and possibly even new lines of research. The mechanisms proposed for the interaction of the high-intensity monochromatic light from lasers with biological material continue to grow in complexity.

目次

1 Laser Biomedical Research in the USSR.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Action of Laser Radiation on the Cell and Its Components.- 2.1. Macrobeam Investigations.- 2.2. Microbeam Investigations.- 3. Action of Laser Radiation on Tissues and Organs.- 3.1. Injury to the Eyes.- 3.2. Injury to the Skin and Subcutaneous Connective Tissue.- 3.3. Injury to the Organs of the Abdomen and Pelvis Minor.- 3.4. Action on the Lungs and Heart.- 3.5. Action on the Nervous System.- 3.6. Action on the Bones.- 3.7. Action on the Teeth and Soft Tissues of the Mouth.- 3.8. Action on the Concha Auriculae, Larynx, and Trachea.- 3.9. Changes in the Blood.- 3.10. Action on Tumors.- 4. Clinical Aspects of Laser Research.- 4.1. Use of Lasers to Coagulate the Tissues of a Pathological Focus.- 4.2. The Laser Beam as a "Light Knife" for Surgical Operations.- 4.3. Laser Biostimulation.- 4.4. Laser Ophthalmology.- 5. Mechanism of the Biological Action of Laser Radiation.- 6. Conclusion.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 2 Laser Pulses and the Generation of Acoustic Transients in Biological Material.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theory of Acoustic Transient Production.- 2.1. Vaporization.- 2.2. Acoustic Transients.- 2.3. Efficiency of Acoustic Transient Production.- 2.4. Propagation Phenomena.- 2.5. Nonlinear Propagation.- 3. Experimental Studies.- 3.1. Measurement Techniques.- 3.2. Experimental Results in Model Systems.- 4. Biological Effects of Laser-Induced Pressure Transients.- 4.1. Tissue and Organ Effects.- 4.2. Retinal Effects.- 4.3. Effects on Viruses.- 5. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 3 Holography in Dentistry.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Hologram Interferometry.- 1.2. The Three-Dimensional Image-Registration and Reconstruction.- 1.3. Recording Materials.- 2. Hologram Interferometry Methods.- 2.1. Contouring.- 2.2. Displacement Measurements.- 2.3. Vibration Measurements-Time-Average Holography.- 2.4. A Brief Mathematical Description of the Holographic Principle.- 2.5. Interpretation and Evaluation of the Hologram.- 3. Hologram Interferometry in a Laboratory Installation Utilizing a CW Laser.- 3.1. Theory of Operation of a He-Ne Laser.- 3.2. Technical Data.- 3.3. Investigations of Dental Materials.- 3.4. Investigations of Prosthodontic Appliances.- 3.5. Combination of Two Laser Techniques for Measuring Purposes.- 3.6. Investigations of Dental Implants.- 3.7. Investigations of Human Hard Tissues.- 4. Hologram Interferometry In Vivo Utilizing a Pulsed Laser System.- 4.1. Dynamics of Human Teeth in Function.- 4.2. Development of Methods.- 4.3. Simulator Tests.- 4.4. Clinical Experiments.- 5. Clinical Applications.- 5.1. Some Aspects of the Experimental Conditions In Vivo.- 5.2. Considerations of Hologram Evaluation and Interpretation.- 5.3. Errors of the Method.- 6. General Considerations.- 6.1. Speculations for the Future.- 6.2. Limitations of Present Methods.- References.- 4 Otological Applications of Lasers.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Advantages of Lasers for Otological Microsurgery.- 1.2. Instrumentation Requirements for Otological Microsurgery.- 1.3. Laser Microsurgery Accidents.- 2. Structure and Function of the Ear.- 2.1. External Ear.- 2.2. Middle Ear.- 2.3. Inner Ear.- 3. Ablative and Surgical Applications of Lasers.- 3.1. Depth Targets.- 3.2. Surface Targets.- 4. Analytical Applications of Lasers.- 4.1. Displacement Measurements.- 4.2. Laser Microprobe.- 5. The Future of Experimental Laser Microsurgery of the Ear.- 5.1. Experimental Laser Myringotomy.- 5.2. Experimental Laser Surgery of the Middle Ear.- 6. Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- Author Index.

巻冊次

v. 4 ISBN 9780306430749

内容説明

The diversity of the chapters presented in this volume illustrates not only the many applications of lasers, but also the fact that, in many cases, these are not new uses of lasers, but rather improvements of laser techniques already widely accepted in both research and clinical situations. Biological reactions to some special aspects of laser exposure continue to show new effects, which have implications for the ever-present topic of laser safety. Such biological reactions are included in fields of research which depend on properties of electromagnetic radiation exposure only possible with lasers, for example, the short pulses necessary for the temperature-jump experiments reviewed by Reiss: Speciality lasers, such as the transverse excitation atmospheric (TEA) or excimer lasers, add new wavelengths and pulse domains to those already available for biological application. A description of these new types of lasers by Osgood is included to indicate new possibilities for future use and to avoid limiting our coverage to well-developed present-day applications. Hillenkamp and Kaufmann describe a microprobe mass spectrograph for analysis of the minute amounts of material evaporated by a laser pulse. The analytical possibilities of this instrument are far-reaching, and some of the various results are described to illustrate the power of their method, as well as to show the types of problems that are suitable for it. The initial steps in photosynthesis have become the subject of intensive investigation.

目次

1 The Laser as a Tool in the Study of Photosynthesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Technical Aspects of the Laser Research Methods Used in Photosynthetic Research.- 3. Laser Studies of Photosynthesis.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 2 Requirements and Technical Concepts of Biomedical Microprobe Analysis.- 1. Prologue.- 2. Actual Microprobe Instruments.- 3. The LAMMA Instrument and Its Performance.- 4. LAMMA Applications in Biomedical Microprobe Analysis.- 5. LAMMA Applications in Particle Analysis.- 6. LAMMA Applications in Organic Mass Spectrometry.- 7. Conclusions and Outlook.- References.- 3 Ultrashort Laser Pulses in Biomedical Research.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Use of Laser Pulses to Induce Biochemical Reactions.- 3. Use of Lasers for Monitoring Fast Biochemical Reactions.- 4. New Technologies in Multichannel Spectral Analysis.- References.- 4 The Excimer Laser: A New Ultraviolet Source for Medical, Biological, and Chemical Applications.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Physics of Excimers, and Limitations on Their Use as Laser Medium.- 3. Technology and Capabilities of Excimer Lasers.- 4. Applications.- 5. Future Improvements.- References.- 5 The Photopathology and Nature of the Blue Light and Near-UV Retinal Lesions Produced by Lasers and Other Optical Sources.- 1. Background and Current Status.- 2. Light Toxicity as Function of Wavelength.- 3. Aging and Degenerative Effects of Chronic Exposure to Light.- 4. Repetitive Exposures to Blue Light.- 5. Continuous Exposure of Rhesus Monkey to Fluorescent Light.- 6. Potential Eye Hazard from Ophthalmic Instrumentation.- 7. Photopathology of Blue Light.- 8. Photopathology of Near Ultraviolet Lesion.- 9. Validity of Animal Data as Related to Man.- 10. Protective Filtration.- 11. Possible Mechanisms Leading to Light Damage in the Primate Retina.- 12. Protective Mechanisms against Light Damage.- 13. The Effect of Oxygen on Light Toxicity.- 14. Summary.- References.- 6 Ocular Thermal Injury from Intense Light.- 1. History.- 2. Retinal Thermal Injury.- 3. Corneal Thermal Injury.- 4. Beyond Thermal Injury.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- Author Index.

巻冊次

v. 5 ISBN 9780306437533

内容説明

The use oflasers has entered almost every facet of medicine and biology. Therefore, it is to be expected that the reviews contained in this vol urne will reflect this diversity. As dinical acceptance has grown with various diagnostic and therapeutic applications, so has the need for a more thorough understanding of the theoretical background for each. This is especially true where a correlation is to be made between the theoretical background and the experimental data. It is only in this way that we can attain the optimal form of any therapy. The basic coupling ofenergy into biological tissue and its conversion into heat is characterized by many parameters. One ofthe most important is pulse duration. The review by Bimgruber in Chapter 6 shows how our knowledge ofthis parameter has been extended.The need for a more basic understanding of the interaction of electromagnetic energy with various kinds of materials has led to investigations on the nature of plasmas their stability and instability,and how theyexist. Docchio reviews the factors that cause them to occur at a specific locale and then to move away from that site. The availabilityofmany types ofoptical fibers has extended our ability to deliver laser energy from various types oflasers into almost anyselected location. This is particularly useful in medicine, where less invasive ap proaches to surgery and diagnosis are always helpful. However, as Rol and his colleagues explain, the power-handling capabilities ofoptical fibers limit many applications, particularly for short-duration, high-peak-power laser pulses.

目次

1 Stimulation of Metabolic Processes by Low-Intensity Visible Light: A Scientific Basis for Biostimulation.- 2 Present Status of Research on Hematoporphyrin Derivatives and Their Photophysical Properties.- 3 Nd:YAG Laser Ophthalmic Microsurgery: Time- and Space-Resolved Laser-Induced Breakdown in Liquids and Ocular Media.- 4 High-Power Laser Transmission through Optical Fibers: Applications to Ophthalmology.- 5 Can Physical Modeling Lead to an Optimal Laser Treatment Strategy for Port-Wine Stains?.- 6 Choroidal Circulation and Heat Convection at the Fundus of the Eye: Implications for Laser Coagulation and the Stabilization of Retinal Temperature.

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詳細情報

• NII書誌ID(NCID): BA07251046
• ISBN:
  • 0306371618
  • 0306371626
  • 0306371634
  • 0306430746
  • 0306437538
• LCCN: 77128514
• 出版国コード: us
• タイトル言語コード: eng
• 本文言語コード: eng
• 出版地: New York
• ページ数/冊数: v.
• 大きさ: 24 cm