How to obtain abundant clean energy
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How to obtain abundant clean energy
Plenum Press, c1980
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Includes index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
The Three Mile Island accident, the periodic occurrence of long gas lines until sufficient price increases are achieved, our dependence on foreign powers for a large fraction of our energy supply, and continual controversy in our government and concerned public groups all point to the real pre- sence of an energy crisis. Even the government has finally publicly acknow- ledged the fact that our present fuel sources will run out soon enough to be of concern to us now. This knowledge should raise many questions in the minds of our citizens. When will our sources run out, or at least become too expensive to afford? What could replace them, and which alternatives are best? When we hear about these matters in the news media, we get many contradictory opinions, mainly concerning coal and nuclear energy. Most of us realize that the reintroduction of coal on a massive scale would give rise to considerable pollution difficulties. Many people are also waking to an awareness of the dangers of nuclear reactors.
When we turn to scientists for answers, we find that each one seems to advise us that a single path to new energy sources is the best-of course, each scientist tends to advise his own path.
目次
I. The Approaching Energy Disaster.- 1. What Is Energy?.- Energy Is That Which Makes Things Go.- Classification of Energy.- Potential Energy.- Turning Potential Energy to Useful Energy.- Kinetic Energy.- Potential Energy in Fuels.- How the Energy Got Inside the Fossil Fuels.- A Nasty Realization.- The Conversion of the Various Forms of Energy to Forms Which Can Be Used by People.- The Vital Importance of Having a Good Transducer (Converter).- Efficiency of Energy Conversion.- The Predominance of Cost.- The Importance of Compromise.- The Importance of the Time Left.- 2. What Part Does Energy Play in Our Lives?.- Energy Determines the Kind of Lives We Lead.- The Standard of Living.- Income, The Standard of Living, and Energy Per Person.- Energy, Comfort, and Efficiency.- The Divisions of Energy Use.- Household Energy.- Transportation Energy.- Industrial and Commercial Energy.- One (Avoidable) Negative Aspect of a High-Energy Life: Pollution.- Another Negative Aspect of the Present Energy System: The Coming Exhaustion of Our Present Sources.- 3. How Do We Get Our Energy Right Now?.- A Summary of Our Present Energy Sources.- Making Electricity.- Fossil Fuels.- How We Get Our Energy in Industry...- Problems of the Near Energy Future.- How Energy Is Transported Now.- Our Finite Energy Sources.- 4. Shall We Run Out of Energy in Our Time?.- Present Fuels Are Limited.- How Do We Estimate the Fossil Fuels Left?.- The French Farmer.- Resources Exhaust Suddenly.- The Date of the Maximum Production Rate-The Effective End.- When Will The Maximum Production Rate Be Reached?.- The Effect on the Exhaustion Date of Rising Living Standards and Population Growth.- How the Rate of Production of a Resource Will Vary with Time.- The Critical Year of the Maximum.- The Effect of Change in Price of a Resource on Its Use Rate.- How an Estimate of 1500 Years of Coal Can Be Revised to Less than 30 Years.- When Shall We Run Out of Oil and Natural Gas?.- Running Out of Coal, Too.- More Pollution?.- What Would Happen If We Stopped the Growth of Our Economies?.- Is Conservation the Answer?.- Shall We Run Out of Fossil Fuels in Our Time?.- 5. How Long Does It Take to Develop and Build Up a New Technology?.- Stages in Developing a New Technology.- The First Stage-Dreams.- The Second Stage-Fundamental Research.- The Third Stage-Developmental Research.- The Fourth Stage-Commercialization.- The Cost of the Various Stages of Developing Technology.- Historical Guidelines Tell Us How Long Technologies Take to Develop.- It is Likely to Take 25-50 Years (1-2 Generations) to Develop New Energy Sources.- Monetary Aspects of Building a New System.- A Near Thing?.- II. Alternatives: What Could Replace Our Exhausting Fuels?.- 6. The Dream of Cheap, Clean Atomic Energy.- The Beginning of the Dream.- The Dream Continues.- A Quantitative Comparison.- The Dream Fades?.- Types of Atomic Reactors.- The Fission Reactor.- Uranium-The Active and the Stable Forms.- How Fission Reactors Work.- The Difficulty with Nonbreeder Fission Reactors: Exhaustion.- Will the Breeder Reactor Save the Situation?.- The Drawbacks of Breeder Reactors.- 7. Fission Reactors-What Can Go Wrong.- Fission Reactor Accidents-A Few Close Calls.- What Can Go Wrong?.- The Brown Ferry Mishap-Human Error in Action.- Three Mile Island-"But No One Was Killed".- Biological Hazards of Nuclear Radiation-"Where Does It Hurt?".- What Increases in Background Radiation Are Expected if We Switch to Atomic Power?.- Cancer-Causing Cell Damage by Radioactive Substances.- The Dose Rate Affects the Extent of Biological Damage.- Dumping Radioactive Garbage in Whose Backyard?.- 8. Dreaming About the Future: Abundant Clean Energy from Atomic Fusion.- Fusion?.- Fusion: Another Atomic Alternative.- The Advantages of Fusion as an Energy Source.- The Diluteness of Deuterium.- Is the Fusion Concept Utopian?.- Atomic Fission and Atomic Fusion.- But Shall We Actually Be Able to Attain the Fusion Process?.- Difficulties in Realizing a Controlled Atomic Fusion Process.- Plasmas.- The Difficulty of Containing a Plasma in a Bottle Is That It Escapes.- Another Possible Method of Getting Energy from Fusion.- What Has Been the Progress of the Laser Method for Fusion?.- Time.- Is Fusion the Best Energy-Producing Prospect of Them All?.- Fusion Compared with Other Abundant Clean Energy Sources.- 9. The Most Available Energy Source: The Sun.- Energy from the Sun.- The Sun's Expected Life.- How Much of the Solar Energy Radiated from the Sun Reaches the Earth?.- Solar Energy Reaching the Earth.- Solar Energy per Person.- How Much Energy Does the Average Person Consume?.- Trying to Allow for the Future: How Much Energy Will Be Needed by the Years 2000 and 20507.- Solar Energy is Dilute.- How Much of the Earth's Surface Can Be Used for Solar Collectors?.- What Will Be the Efficiency of Collection of Solar Energy?.- Will the Amount of Solar Energy Which We Could Collect Be Enough to Supply Our Total Energy Needs?.- Shall We Need More Energy than We Have Calculated Above in the Further Future?.- To What Medium Shall We Convert Solar Energy for Use?.- How Will We Get Solar Energy from the Places Where It Is Easily Available to Where It Is Needed?.- How Much Time Will Be Needed to Make the Solar Collectors?.- If Solar Energy Is Readily Available, Why Wasn't Its Collection Developed Many Years Ago?.- The Strange Situation of Countries with Solar Energy That Do Not Collect the Solar Energy.- 10. Converting Solar Energy to Useful Fuel.- The Solar Spectrum.- The Photovoltaic Method of Converting the Sun's Energy to Usable Energy on Earth.- Is the Photovoltaic Method of Collecting Solar Energy Too Expensive?.- Thin Film Photovoltaics.- Photovoltaic Collectors in Orbit.- The Mirror Concentrator Method.- Ocean Thermal Energy Collectors (OTEC).- To What Extent Have the Methods Described in this Chapter Actually Been Built and Used?.- 11. Household Energy from the Sun.- The Production of Hot Water.- Space Heating of Houses.- Space Cooling.- Household Electricity.- What Do We Do When the Sun Goes Down?.- Will Solar Energy for Households Be Commercially Available Before Oil Runs Out?.- 12. Transport and Industry Run On Electricity and Hydrogen.- Running Cars in the Post-Fossil-Fuel World.- Could We Run Cars on Batteries, Charged by Electicity7.- Cars Run on Batteries Which Work with Lead Electrodes.- The Sodium-Sulfur Battery.- A Source of Energy to Charge Batteries for Electric Cars.- Hydrogen-Driven Cars.- Hydrogen-Driven Planes.- Fuel Cells: How to Get Back Electricity from Hydrogen Derived from the Energy of Solar Radiation.- The Poor Efficiency of Ordinary Engines.- The Better Efficiency of Electrochemical Engines.- Running Industry on Hydrogen.- Foods from Hydrogen.- Metallurgy.- 13. Tides, Geothermal Heat, and the Big Winds.- The Big Winds: How They Could Be Used to Give Hydrogen Fuel and Electrical Energy for Cities.- Could Wind Be a Reliable Source of Energy on a Large Scale?.- Could Wind Generators Produce Household Electricity?.- More Wind Energy Estimates.- The Big Winds.- Winds at Sea Are Stronger.- How Would Wind Energy Be Stored on a Massive Scale?.- Would Massive Wind Power Be a Practical Proposition?.- It Is Always the Cost that Counts.- Energy from the Tides?.- Energy Beneath Our Feet.- How Hot Rock Geothermal Energy Might Become Practical.- Difficulties in the Attainment of Hot Rock Geothermal Energy.- Low-Grade Geothermal Energy.- Summary of the Prospects of Geothermal Energy.- 14. Energy Storage and Transmission.- Energy Carriers: A Choice Among Three.- Sources and Media.- What Are the Possible Media (Carriers of Energy)?.- Pros and Cons of the Various Media.- Transmitting Energy Over Long Distances.- Why Long Distance Electric Transmission Is Not Acceptable.- Hydrogen Could Help Reduce the Cost of Sending Energy Over Long Distances.- Very Long-Distance Transmission of Energy.- III. The Hydrogen Economy.- 15. Methods of Mass-Producing Hydrogen.- The Cyclical Chemical Method for Producing Hydrogen.- Disadvantages of the Cyclical Thermal Method.- The Electrochemical Method of Obtaining Hydrogen.- Getting the Energy Back from Gaseous Hydrogen at the User Terminal.- What of Homes and the Electricity We Now Use in Them?.- The Advantages of Using Fuel Cells.- 16. The Storage of Abundant Clean Energy.- Methods of Storing Energy.- Storage of Energy in the Form of Heat.- Storing Energy in Its Electrical Form.- The Pros and Cons of Heat and Electrochemical Storage.- Storing Gaseous Energy Underground.- What Methods Will Be Most Used in Our Time for Energy Storage?.- 17. Beyond the Hydrogen Economy: Some Futuristic Ideas.- Concepts for the Next Few Hundred Years.- Concepts of the Next Few Thousand Years.- IV. Extrascientific Considerations.- 18. The Politics of Survival.- The Direction of Major Research Funding Depends upon Politicians.- What Does Survival Mean?.- The Idea of Vested Capital.- The Tobacconist.- The Politician's Dilemma.- Economies Cannot Expand Forever-When Will Growth Stop?.- Energy Disaster?-People, Politics, Government Funds, and Research.- 19. Answers.
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