Biosynthesis of cell components
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Biosynthesis of cell components
（The Enzymes of biological membranes / edited by Anthony Martonosi, v. 2）
Plenum, c1976
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Includes bibliographies and index
Description and Table of Contents
Table of Contents
A.- 1 Enzymes of Membrane Phospholipid Metabolism in Animals.- I. Introduction.- II. Type 1 Reactions.- A. Acylation of Glycero-3-phosphate.- B. Esterification of Saturated Fatty Acids to Phospholipids.- G. Hydrolysis of the 1-Acyl Ester in Phospholipids.- D. Other Lysophospholipase Activities.- III. Type 2 Reactions.- A. Formation of the 2-Acyl Ester of Phosphatidic Acid.- B. Esterification of Unsaturated Fatty Acids to Phospholipids.- C. Hydrolysis of the 2-Acyl Ester.- IV. Type 3 Reactions.- A. Diacylglycerol Kinase.- B. Choline and Ethanolamine Phosphotransferase.- G. Hydrolysis of Phosphatidic Acid.- D. Phosphatidylinositol Phosphodiesterases.- V. Type 4 Reactions.- A. Alcohol Phosphates for Phospholipid Synthesis.- B. Activation and Transfer of Phosphatidic Acid.- G. Exchange of Phosphatidyl Units among Lipid Classes.- VI. Type 5 Reactions.- A. Methylation of Phosphatidylethanolamine Derivatives.- B. Decarboxylation of Phosphatidylserine.- G. Formation of Diphosphatidylglycerol (Cardiolipin).- D. Modification of Inositol Lipids.- VII. Phosphorus Turnover during Membrane Stimulation and Permeation.- VIII. Acyl Chain Turnover during Membrane Stimulation and Permeation.- A. Membrane Activation and Mitogenesis.- B. Phagocytosis and the "Release" Response.- C. Platelet Aggregation and Release.- D. The "Slow-Reacting-Substance" Phenomenon.- E. Thyroid Stimulation.- IX. Microenvironmental Considerations of Accessibility of Membrane Phospholipids.- A. Peroxidation Effects.- B. Sidedness.- G. Gationic Proteins.- D. Fusion.- E. Exchange of Intact Lipid Molecules.- X. Origins of Lipid Species.- References.- 2 Microsomal Enzymes Involved in the Metabolism of Ether-Linked Glycerolipids and Their Precursors in Mammals.- I. Introduction.- II. Enzymes Related to Fatty Alcohol Metabolism.- III. Biosynthetic Enzymes.- A. Acyl-GoA: Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate Acyltransferase.- B. Alkyldihydroxyacetone Phosphate-Forming Enzyme.- G. NADPH: Acyldihydroxyacetone Phosphate Oxidoreductase.- D. NADPH: Alkyldihydroxyacetone Phosphate Oxidoreductase.- E. NADPH: Alkyldihydroxyacetone Oxidoreductase.- F. ATP: Alkyldihydroxyacetone Phosphotransferase.- G. ATP:1-Alky-sn-glycerol Phosphotransferase.- H. Acyl-CoA:1-Alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol Acyltransferase.- I. Acyl-CoA:1-Alk-1?-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol Acyltransferase.- J. Acyl-GoA: 1-Radyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (-Phosphoethanolamine) Acyltransferase.- K. 1-Alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol:GDP-Gholine (GDP-Ethanolamine) Choline (Ethanolamine) Phosphotransferase.- L. 1-Alkyl-1?-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol:CDP-Choline (GDP-Ethanolamine) Choline (Ethanolamine) Phosphotransferase.- M. Base-Exchange Reactions.- N. l-Alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine Desaturase.- IV. Gatabolic Enzymes.- A. Alkyl Cleavage Enzyme.- B. Alk-1-enyl Cleavage Enzymes (Plasmalogenases).- C. Phosphohydrolases That Utilize Ether-Linked Phospholipids as Substrates.- D. Phospholipases that Utilize Ether-Linked Substrates.- References.- 3 Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase and Transport of Fatty Acids.- I. Introduction.- A. Metabolic Fate of Long-Chain Fatty Acids.- B. Role of Carnitine in Fatty Acid Oxidation.- G. Carnitine Ester Hydrolase.- II. Assays.- A. Use of Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption.- B. Isotope-Exchange Method.- C. Direct Assays.- III. Mitochondrial Compartmentation.- A. Substrate Permeability.- B. Intracellular Localization.- C. Mitochondrial Localization.- IV. Purification and Characterization of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase.- V. Substrate Specificity.- A. Carnitine.- B. Acylcamitine and Acyl-GoA.- VI. Inhibitors.- A. Acyl-d-carnitine.- B. 2-Bromoacyl Derivatives.- C. Atractyloside.- VII. Changes in Tissue Enzymatic Activity.- A. Increases in Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Activity.- B. Decreases in Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Activity.- C. Is Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Activity the Rate-Limiting Step in Fatty Acid Oxidation ?.- VIII. Role of Carnitine in Acyl-Group Transport across the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane.- IV. Summary and Future.- References.- 4 Membrane-Bound Enzymes in Plant Lipid Metabolism.- I. Introduction.- II. Oxidative Systems.- A. ?-Oxidation.- B. ?-Oxidation.- C. Hydroxylation Systems.- III. Biosynthesis of Lipids.- IV. Desaturation Systems.- V. Complex Lipid Formation.- VI. The Chloroplast System.- References.- 5 Membrane-Bound Enzymes of Sterol Metabolism.- I. Introduction.- II. Methodology.- III. Enzymes Synthesizing Cholesterol.- A. HMG-CoA Reductase.- B. Squalene Synthetase.- C. Enzymes Converting Squalene to Cholesterol.- IV. Enzymes Synthesizing Bile Acids.- A. Cholesterol 7?-Hydroxylase.- B. Enzymes Converting 7a-Hydroxycholesterol to Bile Acids.- V. Enzymes Synthesizing Steroid Hormones.- A. Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme.- B. Enzymes Converting Pregnenolone to Steroid Hormones.- VI. Conclusion.- References.- 6 Membrane-Bound Enzymes in Plant Sterol Biosynthesis.- I. Introduction.- II. Initial Stages.- A. HMG-CoA Reductase (EC 1.1.1.34).- B. Farnesyl Pyrophosphate: Squalene Synthetase (EC 2.5.1.1.).- III. Cyclization of Squalene.- A. Squalene Monooxidase (EC 1.14.99.7).- B. Oxidosqualene Cyclases.- IV. Formation of Sterols from Gycloartenol.- A. Cycloeucalenol:Obtusifoliol Isomerase.- B. S-Adenosylmethionine: ?24-Triterpene Methyltransferases.- V. 5?-Hydroxysterol Dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.62).- VI. D-Glucosylation of Phytosterols and Acylation of Sterol D-Glucosides.- A. Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: Sterol Transglucosylase.- B. Phosphatidylethanolamine: Sterol Glucoside Transacylase.- VII. Summary.- References.- B.- 7 Biosynthesis of Bacterial Cell Walls.- I. Introduction.- II. Peptidoglycan.- A. Structure of Peptidoglycan.- B. Biosynthesis of Peptidoglycan.- III. Lipopolysaccharide.- A. Structure of Lipopolysaccharide.- B. Biosynthesis of Lipopolysaccharide.- IV. Teichoic Acid.- A. Structure of Teichoic Acid.- B. Biosynthesis of Teichoic Acid.- V. Control of Cell-Wall Biosynthesis.- A. Control of Polymer Structure.- B. Control of Wall Composition.- C. Control of the Rate of Cell-Wall Synthesis.- References.- 8 C55-Isoprenoid Alcohol Phosphokinase: An Intrinsic Membrane Enzyme.- I. Introduction.- II. Purification and Properties.- III. Activation by Phospholipids.- IV. Activation by Fatty Acids.- V. The Model.- VI. Activation by Neutral Detergents.- VII. Biophysical Studies.- VIII. Conclusion.- References.- 9 Glycosyltransferases and Glycoprotein Biosynthesis.- I. Introduction.- II. Chemistry of Glycoproteins.- A. N-Acetylglucosaminyl-Asparagine Linkage.- B. N-Acetylgalactosaminyl-Serine (-Threonine) Linkage.- III. Biosynthesis of Glycoproteins.- A. General Aspects of Protein and Oligosaccharide Biosynthesis.- B. Sialyltransferases.- C. Fucosyltransferases.- D. Galactosyltransferases.- E. N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases.- F. N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases.- G. Lipid Intermediates.- IV. Subcellular Locations of Glycosyltransferases.- V. Regulation of Glycosyltransferases.- A. Regulation of Oligosaccharide Structure.- B. Regulation of Glycosyltransferase Activities.- C. Sugar Nucleotide Biosynthesis and the Role of Activators.- VI. Assay of Glycosyltransferases.- A. Sugar-Nucleotides.- B. Acceptors.- C. Assay Procedures.- D. Product Identification.- VII. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 10 Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus in the Biosynthesis of Plasma Glycoproteins.- I. Introduction.- II. Sugar Nucleotides.- III. Subcellular Sites of Carbohydrate Incorporation into Glycoproteins.- A. Glycosylation of Nascent Proteins (Site 1).- B. The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum (Site 2).- C. Role of the Golgi Apparatus (Site 3).- IV. Role of Lipid-Bound Sugars.- V. Secretion of Glycoprotein from the Liver.- VI. Factors Influencing Glycoprotein Synthesis.- A. Drugs and Natural Affectors.- B. Choline Deficiency.- C. Vitamin A.- D. Vitamin K.- E. Diseases.- F. Viruses.- VII. Regulation of Glycoprotein Synthesis.- VIII. Conclusions.- References.- 11 Alterations of Galactosaminyl- and Galactosyltransferases in Cultured Mammalian Cells and in Vivo.- I. Nature of the Reactions.- II. N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase Activity in Normal and Virus-Transformed Cells.- A. Contact-Inhibited Ceils.- B. Tumorigenic DNA Virus-Transformed Cells.- C. Moloney Sarcoma Virus-Transformed Cells.- III. Galactosyltransferase.- A. Activity in Contact-Inhibited Cells.- B. Tumorigenic RNA Virus-Transformed Cells.- C. Effect of Chemical Carcinogens.- D. Effect of X-Irradiation.- IV. Generality of the Phenomena.- A. Block in Gm2 Synthesis.- B. Block in GM1 Synthesis.- V. Relationship of Altered Glycosyltransferase Activity to Tumorigenesis.- A. Altered Ganglioside Biosynthesis in Tumors.- B. A Role for Gangliosides.- C. Molecular Mechanisms.- VI. GM3 Gangliosidosis.- A. Clinical Manifestations.- B. Biochemical Findings.- C. Enzymatic Abnormality.- VII. Relationship of Altered Glycolipid Synthesis to Central Nervous System Development.- VIII. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 12 The Effects of Lipid-Protein Interactions on the Kinetic Parameters of Microsomal UDP-Glucuronyltransferase.- I. Introduction.- II. The Heterogeneity of UDP-Glucuronyltransferases.- III. Evidence for the Lipid Dependence of the Activity of UDP-Glucuronyltransferase.- A. Effects of Phospholipases A and G on Enzyme Activity.- B. Effects of Amphipathic and Chaotropic Agents.- IV. Modification of the Kinetic and Regulatory Properties of UDP-Glucuronyltransferase in Response to Perturbation of Membrane Structure.- A. Effects of Phospholipase A on Affinity for Substrates and Inhibitors.- B. Effects of Phospholipase A on Activity at Fmax.- C. Effects of Phospholipase A on Allosteric Properties.- D. Effects of Phospholipase G on Kinetic Properties.- E. Effects of Triton X-100 on Kinetic and Regulatory Properties.- V. Effects of Perturbation of Membrane Lipids on Rates of Glucuronidation of Compounds Other Than p-Nitrophenol.- VI. The Physical Basis of Activation of UDP-Glucuronyltransferase by Treatment with Phospholipases and Detergents.- A. Compartmentation of UDP-Glucuronyltransferase.- B. A Conformational Model of Activation.- VII. Modification of the Kinetic and Regulatory Properties of UDP-Glucuronyltransferase in Response to Temperature-Induced Perturbations of Membrane Fluidity.- VIII. Conclusions.- References.- C.- 13 Glucose-6-phosphatase.- I. Introduction.- II. Some General Characteristics of the Enzyme.- A. Multifunctional Nature.- B. Kinetic Mechanism.- C. Distribution of the Enzyme.- III. Assays.- IV. Solubilization, Purification, and Some Physical and Chemical Properties.- A. Solubilization.- B. Attempts at Purification, and Some Physical and Chemical Properties.- V. Comparative Latency of Activities of Various Membranous Preparations.- VI. Catalytic Properties of Activities of Various "Native" and Modified Membranous Preparations.- A. Km and Apparent Km Values.- B. Kt Values.- C. Activity-pH Profiles.- D. Catalytic Characteristics of Activities of Plasma Membrane Preparations.- VII. Developmental Considerations: Biogenesis of Endoplasmic Reticulum.- A. Membrane Reconstruction Studies.- VIII. Correlative Studies of Latency-Membrane Morphology Interrelationships.- IX. Some Mechanistic Considerations.- X. Physiological Implications.- XI. Conclusions.- References.- 14 Pyruvate Oxidase.- I. Introduction.- II. Purification and Structure of Pyruvate Oxidase.- III. Lipid Activation of Pyruvate Oxidase.- IV. Trypsin Activation of Pyruvate Oxidase.- V. Comparison of Lipid-Activated and Trypsin-Activated Oxidase.- A. Pyruvate.- B. TPP.- C. DGIP.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- 15 Membrane-Associated Metabolic Systems Induced by Bacteriophage T4 Infection of Escherichia coli.- I. Introduction.- II. Structural Alterations of the Cell Envelope after T4 Infection.- A. Membrane Lipids.- B. Membrane Permeability and Release of Host Components.- C. Membrane Association of DNA Polymerase I.- D. Membrane Association of T4 Phage-Induced Proteins.- E. Inhibition of Membrane-Associated Host Enzyme Systems.- III. Early Membrane-Related Phenomena.- A. Lysis Inhibition.- B. Temporal Exclusion, Superinfection Breakdown, and Immunity to Killing by Phage Ghosts.- IV. Membrane Association of Host DNA after Infection.- V. Membrane Association of the Viral Replicative Apparatus.- A. Membrane Association of Replicating T4 DNA.- B. Components of the Replicative Apparatus.- VI. Role of the Membrane in Viral Assembly.- VII. Conclusions.- References.- 16 Functional Specialization of Membrane-Bound Ribosomes in Eukaryotic Cells.- I. Introduction.- II. Structural Aspects of Binding of Ribosomes to Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes.- III. Exchange of Ribosomal Subunits between Free and Bound Ribosomes.- IV. Ribosome Binding Sites in Microsomal Membranes.- V. Translation on Microsomal Membranes.- VI. Relationship of Binding Sites to Other ER Membrane Proteins.- VII. Intracellular Destination of Products in the ER Lumen.- VIII. Membrane-Bound Ribosomes and the Synthesis of Membrane Proteins.- IX. Role of Membrane-Bound Ribosomes in Organelle Biogenesis.- X. Relationship of mRNA to ER Membranes.- XI. A Model for Translation in Bound Polysomes.- References.- 17 Platelet Membrane Enzymes and Hemostasis.- I. Introduction.- II. Origin, Structure, and Metabolism of Platelets.- III. The Platelet Plasma Membrane.- A. Structure and Isolation of the Membrane.- B. Lipid Composition 586 G. Protein Components.- D. Electrokinetic Properties of the Platelet Surface.- IV. Platelet Adhesion and Release.- V. Platelet Aggregation and Release.- A. Measurement of Aggregation and Release.- B. Aggregation Induced by Nucleotides.- C. Aggregation Induced by Thrombin.- D. Other Aggregating Agents.- VI. Inhibitors of Aggregation.- A. Structural Analogs of Aggregating Agents.- B. Reagents Combining with Essential Functional Groups on the Platelet Membrane.- C. Inhibitors of Proteolytic Enzymes.- D. Compounds that Affect Membrane Structure.- VII. Membrane Involvement in Platelet Aggregation and Release.- References.- Author Index.
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