Atmospheric chemistry and global change
著者
書誌事項
Atmospheric chemistry and global change
(Topics in environmental chemistry / series editor, John W. Birks)
Oxford University Press, 1999
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注記
Result of a collective effort undertaken by a group of scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research
Includes bibliographical references (p. 617-648) and index
内容説明・目次
内容説明
This textbook will deal with the chemical and photochemical process in the atmosphere. In particular, the book will cover the biogeochemical cycles: the processes affecting the oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogen, and carbon species: the question of ozone in the troposphere and in the stratosphere: the imoact of chemical compounds on greenhouse warming. There will also be chapters on chemical instrumentation, theoretical modeling, and atmospheric aerosols. Wayne's book is more general and covers material (planetary atmopsheres, for example) not included in the text.
目次
- PREFACE
- LIST OF AUTHORS
- LIST OF FREQUENTLY-USED SYMBOLS
- 1. Atmospheric Chemistry and the Earth's System
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 The Earth System
- Further Reading
- Essay: Atmospheric Chemistry and the Earth System
- PART 1: FUNDAMENTALS
- 2. Atmospheric Dynamics and Transport
- 2,1 Introduction
- 2.2 The Governing Equations
- 2.3 Constraints on Atmospheric Motion
- 2.4 Zonal Means and Eddies
- 2.5 Atmospheric Waves
- 2.6 Tropospheric Circulation and Transport
- 2.7 Stratospheric Circulation and Transport
- 2.8 Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange
- Further Reading
- Essay: Why Understand Dynamics - And What Is "Understanding" Anyway?
- 3. Chemical and Photochemical Processes
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Radiation
- 3.3 Photophysical and Photochemical Processes
- 3.4 Chemical Reactions
- 3.5 Catalytic Cycles
- 3.6 Role of Excited States
- 3.7 Measurements of Rates Coefficients
- 3.8 Lifetimes in the Atmospheres
- 3.9 The Steady State Approximation
- Further Reading
- Essay: When Do We Know Enough about Atmospheric Chemistry?
- 4. Chemical and Photochemical Processes
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Overview of the Atmospheric Aerosol
- 4.3 The Role of Clouds in Tropospheric Chemistry
- 4.4 Single-Particle Physical Characteristics
- 4.5 Gas-to-Particle Conversion
- 4.6 Acid-Base Reactions of Aerosol Particles
- 4.7 Removal of Aerosols
- 4.8 Solubility of Gases in Particles
- 4.9 Mass Transfer Rates
- 4.10 Aqueous Reaction
- Further Reading
- Essay: Aerosols and Clouds: A Postscript
- 5. Trace gas Exchanges and Biogeochemical Cycles
- 5.1 Introductions
- 5.2 Surface Exchanges
- 5.3 The Global Water Cycle
- 5.4 The Global Carbon Cycle
- 5.5 The Global Nitrogen Cycle
- 5.6 The Global Sulfur Cycle
- 5.7 Halogens
- Further Reading
- Essays: The View from Outside
- PART 2: CHEMICAL FAMILIES
- 6. Hydrogen Compounds
- 6.1 Importance of Atmospheric Hydrogen Compounds
- 6.2 Scope and Definitions
- 6.3 Sources of Hydrogen Compunds to the Atmosphere
- 6.4 Chemistry of Hydrogen Compounds in the Stratosphere
- 6.5 Chemistry of Hydrogen Compunds in the Troposphere
- 6.6 Concentrations of Hydrogen Compunds in the Stratosphere
- 6.7 Concentrations of Hydrogen Compounds in the Traposphere
- 6.8 Summary
- Further Reading
- Essay: Hydrogen Compounds
- 7. Nitrogen Compounds
- 7.1 Importance of Atmospheric Odd Nitrogen
- 7.2 Scope and Definitions
- 7.3 The Role of Odd Nitrogen in the Stratosphere
- 7.4 Odd Nitrogen in the "Contemporary" Stratosphere
- 7.5 Odd Nitrogen in the Troposphere
- 7.6 Experimental Summary of the Influence of Odd ain ogen in the Continental Boundary Layer
- 7.7 NO3 Chemistry
- 7.8 Gaseous Acid and Particulate Nitrate Formation
- Further Reading
- Essay: Time's Arrow
- 8. Halogen Compounds
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Scope and Definitions
- 8.3 Sources of Halogens
- 8.4 Loss Processes of Halogen Sources Gases
- 8.5 Inorganic Chemistry of Halogen Species
- 8.6 Controlling the Detrimental Effects of Halogens on the Atmosphere
- Further Reading
- Essay: CFC's and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
- 9. Carbon-Containing Compounds
- 9.2 Scope and Definition
- 9.3 Atmospheric Photochemistry of Hydrocarbons
- 9.4 Distribution of Hydrocarbons
- Further Reading
- Essay: Hydrocarbons
- 10. Sulfur Compunds
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Scope and Definitions
- 10.3 Sulfur Compounds
- 10.4 Tropospheric Chemistry of Sulfur
- 10.5 Measurements of Sulfur Gas Abundances and Distributions
- 10.6 SO2 and Acid Precipitation
- 10.7 Stratospheric Sulfur Chemistry
- 10.8 Gas Phase Ionic Chemistry in the Statosphere
- Further Reading
- Essay: Sulfur, Aerosols, Clouds and Rain
- PART 3: TOOLS
- 11. Observational Methods: Instruments and Platforms
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Instumentation for Constitutent Measurements
- 11.3 Flux Measurements
- 11.4 Measurements of Atmospheric Radiation
- 11.5 Instumentation for Aerosol and Cloud Measurements
- 11.6 Observing Platforms
- Further Reading
- Essay: From Individual Measurements to Scale Integration Strategies
- 12. Modeling
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Model Equations
- 12.3 Modeling Chemical Processes
- 12.4 Modeling Atmospheric Transport
- 12.5 Examples and Illustrations
- 12.6 Modeling Global Budgets and Biogeochemical Cycles
- 12.7 Data Assimilation
- 12.8 Inverse Modeling
- Further Reading
- Essay: How Complex Do Models Need to Be?
- PART 4: OZONE, CLIMATE AND GLOBAL CHANGE
- 13. Tropospheric Ozone
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Distribution and Trends
- 13.3 Production and Loss of ozone
- 13.4 major Uncertainties and Research Needs
- Further Reading
- Essay: Tropospheric Ozone
- 14. Middle Atmospheric Ozone
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 The Ozone Distribution
- 14.3 Ozone Production
- 14.4 Ozone Destruction
- 14.5 Transport Effects
- 14.6 Polar Ozone
- 14.7 Ozone Peturbations
- 14.8 Imapct of Ozone Depletion on UV Radiation
- Further Reading
- Essay: Ozone depletion: From Pole to Pole
- 15. Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 Radiation in the Atmosphere
- 15.3 natural Variations: Past Climates
- 15.4 Impact of Anthropogenic Trace Gases on Climate
- 15.5 Global Warming Potentials (GWP'S)
- 15.6 Radiative Effects of Aerosols
- 15.7 Response of Climate System to Radiative Forcing
- Further Reading
- Essay: Can Climate Models be Validated?
- 16. Atmospheric Evolution and Global Perspective
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 Atmospheric Evolution on Geological Timescales
- 16.3 Human Influences on the Atmosphere
- 16.4 Future Trends
- 16.5 Global Perspective
- Further Reading
- Essay: The Atmospheric Humankind: Our Related Futures
- APPENDICES
- A: Physical Constants and Other Data
- B: Units, Conversion factors and Multiplying Prefixes
- C: Atmospheric Parameters and Mixing Ratios of Chemical Constituents
- D: Chemical Species in the Atmosphere
- E: Rate Constants for Second-Order Gas Phase Reactions
- F: Rate Constants for Association Gas Phase Reactions
- G: Mass Accomidation Coefficients
- H: Surface Reaction Probability
- I: Saturation Vapor Pressure over Water and Ice
- J: Henry's Law Coefficients
- K: Aqueous Equilibrium Constants
- L: Rate Constants for Aqueous Phase Reaction
- M: Spectrum of Solar Extraterrestrial Actinic Flux (120-730 nm)
- N: Photolysis Frequencies
- SAMPLE PROBLEMS
- REFERENCES
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