Something new under the sun : an environmental history of the twentieth-century world
著者
書誌事項
Something new under the sun : an environmental history of the twentieth-century world
（Penguin books）（Penguin history）
Penguin Books, 2001
- : pbk
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注記
Includes bibliographical references (p. 363-404) and index
"First published in the USA by W.W. Norton & Company Inc 2000"--T.p. verso
"First published in Great Britain by Allen Lane The Penguin Press 2000"--T.p. verso
内容説明・目次
内容説明
In the course of the 20th century the human race, without intending anything of the sort, undertook a giant, uncontrolled experiment on the earth. In time, according to John McNeill in his new book, the environmental dimension of 20th century history will overshadow the importance of its world wars, the rise and fall of communism, and the spread of mass literacy. Contrary to the wisdom of Ecclesiastes that "there is nothing new under the sun", McNeill sets out to show that the massive change we have wrought in our physical world has indeed created something new. To a degree unprecedented in human history, we have refashioned the earth's air, water and soil, and the biosphere of which we are a part. The author work is a compound of history and science. He infuses a substrate of ecology with a lively historical sensibility to the significance of politics, international relations, technological change and great events. He charts and explores the breathtaking ways in which we have changed the natural world with a keen eye for character and a refreshing respect for the unforeseen in history.
He introduces us to little-known figures like Thomas Midgely, the chemical engineer who, McNeill claims, has had more impact on the atmosphere than any other organism in earth history. From Midgely's work with General Motors came the inventions of leaded gasoline and of Freon, the first of the chlorofluorocarbons that drift into the stratosphere and rupture ozone molecules. McNeill recounts episodes of environmental disaster - the mercury poisoning of Japan's Minamata Bay, the death of the Aral Sea in Soviet Central Asia - but shows too the successes of environmental policy in reversing pollution of the air and water. He fashions his story without pronouncements of doom or sermons on the ethical lapses of humankind. The author assesses the ecological course we have taken in the 20th century as an interesting evolutionary gamble. We have become exquisitely adapted to particular circumstances - a stable climate, cheap energy, rapid economic growth. But our fossil fuel-based civlization is on ecologically disruptive that it undermines the stability of these conditions. He does not speculate on the consequences, but his insights illuminate the new path we made in the global century.
目次
- Prologue - peculiarities of a prodigal century - economic growth since 1500, population growth since 10,000 BC, energy history since 10,000 BC, conclusion. Part 1 The music of the spheres: the lithosphere and pedosphere - the crust of the Earth -the basics of the Earth's crust, soil alchemy, soil pollution, earth movers, conclusion
- the atmosphere - urban history - the basics of the atmosphere, air pollution before 1900, air pollution since 1900, coal cities, smog cities, megacities, recovering cities, conclusion
- the atmosphere - regional and global history -regional air pollution since 1870, the air in Japan, acid rain, further consequences of air pollution, climate change and stratosphere ozone, space pollution, conclusion
- the hydrosphere -the history of water use and water pollution - water basics, world water use and supply, urban water, river water, lakes and eutrophication, seas and oceans, conclusion
- the hydrosphere -depletions, dams and diversions - groundwater, dams and diversions, taming floods and draining wetlands, coastlines, conclusion
- the biosphere - eat and be eaten - microbiota - the first lords of the biosphere, land use and agriculture, conclusion
- the biosphere - forests, fish and invasions - forests, whaling and fishing, biological invasions, biodiversity and the sixth extinction, conclusion. Part 2 Engines of change: more people, bigger cities - population growth, migration, the footprints and metabolisms of cities, conclusion
- fuels, tools and economics - energy regimes and the environment, technological change and the environment, economic changes and the environment, conclusion
- ideas and politics - big ideas, environmental ideas, international politics and war, environmental politics and policies, conclusion
- epilogue - so what?.
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