Isotopes : principles and applications

Author(s)

Bibliographic Information

Isotopes : principles and applications

Gunter Faure and Teresa M. Mensing

Wiley, c2005

3rd ed

Available at  / 34 libraries

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Note

Rev. ed. of: Principles of isotope geology. 2nd ed. c1986

Includes bibliographical references and index

Description and Table of Contents

Description

Covering radiogenic, radioactive, and stable isotopes, this comprehensive text contains five sections that present fundamentals of atomic physics; dating methods for terrestrial and extraterrestrial rocks by means of radiogenic isotopes; geochemistry of radiogenic isotopes; dating by means of U, Th-series and cosmogenic radionuclides; and the fractionation of the stable isotopes of H, C, N, O, and S, as well as Li, B, Si, and Cl. Additionally, this edition provides: Expanded coverage of the U-Pb methods -the most accurate available dating technique Applications to the petrogenesis of igneous rocks Summaries of the use of isotopic data for study of the oceans New examples from the fields of archeology and anthropology Radiation-damage methods of dating including fission tracks, thermoluminescence, and electron spin resonance (ESR) Information on the dispersal of fission-product radionuclides and the disposal of radioactive waste Extensive chapter-by-chapter problems and solutions

Table of Contents

Preface xxv Part I Principles of Atomic Physics 1 1 Nuclear Systematics 3 1.1 Discovery of Radioactivity 3 1.2 Internal Structure of Atoms 4 1.3 Origin of the Elements 12 1.4 Summary 14 References 14 2 Decay Modes of Radionuclides 15 2.1 Beta-Decay 15 2.2 Alpha-Decay 24 2.3 Spontaneous and Induced Fission 28 2.4 Summary 33 References 33 3 Radioactive Decay 34 3.1 Law of Radioactivity 34 3.2 Radiation Detectors 37 3.3 Growth of Radioactive Daughters 39 3.4 Units of Radioactivity and Dosage 42 3.5 Medical Effects of Ionizing Radiation 43 3.6 Sources of Environmental Radioactivity 46 3.7 Nuclear Reactions 47 3.8 Neutron Activation Analysis 47 3.9 Summary 53 References 53 4 Geochronometry 55 4.1 Growth of Radiogenic Daughters 55 4.2 Assumptions for Dating 57 4.3 Fitting of Isochrons 60 4.4 Mass Spectrometry and Isotope Dilution 64 4.5 Summary 71 References 71 Part II Radiogenic Isotope Geochronometers 73 5 The Rb-Sr Method 75 5.1 Geochemistry of Rb and Sr 75 5.2 Principles of Dating 76 5.3 Rb-Sr Isochrons 80 5.4 Dating Metamorphic Rocks 89 5.5 Dating Sedimentary Rocks 95 5.6 Summary 106 References 107 6 The K-Ar Method 113 6.1 Principles and Methodology 113 6.2 Retention of 40Ar by Minerals 115 6.3 K-Ar Isochrons 120 6.4 Volcanic Rocks of Tertiary Age 121 6.5 Dating Sedimentary Rocks 126 6.6 Metamorphic Veil 132 6.7 Precambrian Timescales 134 6.8 Summary 138 References 138 7 The 40Ar*/ 39Ar Method 144 7.1 Principles and Methodology 144 7.2 Incremental Heating Technique 147 7.3 Excess 40Ar 151 7.4 Argon Isotope Correlation Diagram 153 7.5 Laser Ablation 157 7.6 Sedimentary Rocks 159 7.7 Metasedimentary Rocks 162 7.8 Metamorphic Rocks: Broken Hill, N.S.W., Australia 166 7.9 Thermochronometry: Haliburton Highlands, Ontario, Canada 1 7.10 Summary 171 References 172 8 The K-Ca Method 180 8.1 Principles and Methodology 180 8.2 Isotope Geochemistry of Calcium 183 8.3 Summary 190 References 191 9 The Sm-Nd Method 194 9.1 Geochemistry of Sm and Nd 194 9.2 Principles and Methodology 197 9.3 Dating by the Sm-Nd Method 202 9.4 Meteorites and Martian Rocks 207 9.5 Lunar Rocks 209 9.6 Summary 211 References 211 10 The U-Pb, Th-Pb, and Pb-Pb Methods 214 10.1 Geochemistry of U and Th 214 10.2 Decay of U and Th Isotopes 215 10.3 Principles and Methodology 218 10.4 U,Th-Pb Dates, Boulder Creek Batholith, Colorado 221 10.5 Wetherill's Concordia 223 10.6 Alternative Pb Loss Models 227 10.7 Refinements in Analytical Methods 230 10.8 Dating Detrital Zircon Grains 233 10.9 Tera-Wasserburg Concordia 236 10.10 U-Pb, Th-Pb, and Pb-Pb Isochrons (Granite Mountains, Wyoming) 240 10.11 Pb-Pb Dating of Carbonate Rocks 242 10.12 U-Pb and Th-Pb Isochrons of Carbonate Rocks 245 10.13 Summary 249 References 250 11 The Common-Lead Method 256 11.1 The Holmes-Houtermans Model 256 11.2 Dating Common Lead 261 11.3 Dating K-Feldspar 268 11.4 Anomalous Leads in Galena 270 11.5 Lead-Zinc Deposits, Southeastern Missouri 274 11.6 Multistage Leads 279 11.7 Summary 280 References 281 12 The Lu-Hf Method 284 12.1 Geochemistry of Lu and Hf 284 12.2 Principles and Methodology 286 12.3 CHUR and Epsilon 288 12.4 Model Hf Dates Derived from CHUR 289 12.5 Applications of Lu-Hf Dating 290 12.6 Summary 294 References 294 13 The Re-Os Method 297 13.1 Rhenium and Osmium in Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Rocks 297 13.2 Principles and Methodology 301 13.3 Molybdenite and 187Re-187Os Isochrons 302 13.4 Meteorites and CHUR-Os 305 13.5 The Cu-Ni Sulfide Ores, Noril'sk, Siberia 310 13.6 Origin of Other Sulfide Ore Deposits 312 13.7 Metallic PGE Minerals 313 13.8 Gold Deposits of the Witwatersrand, South Africa 314 13.9 The Pt-Os Method 316 13.10 Summary 317 References 317 14 The La-Ce Method 322 14.1 Geochemistry of La and Ce 323 14.2 Principles and Methodology 324 14.3 La-Ce Isochrons 327 14.4 Meteorites and CHUR-Ce 329 14.5 Volcanic Rocks 331 14.6 Cerium in the Oceans 332 14.7 Summary 337 References 338 15 The La-Ba Method 340 15.1 Geochemistry of La and Ba 340 15.2 Principles and Methodology 341 15.3 Amitsoq Gneiss, West Greenland 342 15.4 Mustikkamaki Pegmatite, Finland 343 15.5 Summary 343 References 343 Part III Geochemistry of Radiogenic Isotopes 345 16 Mixing Theory 347 16.1 Chemical Compositions of Mixtures 347 16.2 Isotopic Mixtures of Sr 350 16.3 Isotopic Mixtures of Sr and Nd 352 16.4 Three-Component Isotopic Mixtures 355 16.5 Applications 356 16.6 Summary 361 References 361 17 Origin of Igneous Rocks 363 17.1 The Plume Theory 363 17.2 Magma Sources in the Mantle 364 17.3 Midocean Ridge Basalt 365 17.4 Basalt and Rhyolite of Iceland 369 17.5 The Hawaiian Islands 375 17.6 HIMU Magma Sources of Polynesia 380 17.7 Subduction Zones 382 17.8 Continental Flood Basalt 389 17.9 Alkali-Rich Lavas 394 17.10 Origin of Granite 399 17.11 Summary 405 References 406 18 Water and Sediment 412 18.1 Strontium in Streams 412 18.2 Sediment in Streams 419 18.3 Zaire and Amazon Rivers 426 18.4 Summary 433 References 433 19 The Oceans 436 19.1 Strontium in the Phanerozoic Oceans 436 19.2 Strontium in the Precambrian Oceans 447 19.3 Neodymium in the Oceans 451 19.4 Lead in the Oceans 463 19.5 Osmium in Continental Runoff 470 19.6 Osmium in the Oceans 475 19.7 Hafnium in the Oceans 480 19.8 Summary 486 References 487 Part IV Short-Lived Radionuclides 495 20 Uranium/Thorium-Series Disequilibria 497 20.1 238U/234U-230Th-Series Geochronometers 498 20.2 Radium 508 20.3 Protactinium 516 20.4 Lead-210 521 20.5 Archeology and Anthropology 527 20.6 Volcanic Rocks 531 20.7 Magma Formation 535 20.8 Summary 539 References 540 21 Helium and Tritium 546 21.1 U-Th/He Method of Dating 546 21.2 Thermochronometry 551 21.3 He Dating of Iron-Ore Deposits 554 21.4 Tritium-3He Dating 555 21.5 Meteorites and Oceanic Basalt 560 21.6 Continental Crust 566 21.7 Summary 571 References 572 22 Radiation-Damage Methods 577 22.1 Alpha-Decay 577 22.2 Fission Tracks 580 22.3 Applications of Fission-Track Dates 592 22.4 Thermoluminescence 595 22.5 Electron-Spin Resonance 603 22.6 Summary 606 References 608 23 Cosmogenic Radionuclides 613 23.1 Carbon-14 (Radiocarbon) 614 23.2 Beryllium-10 and Aluminum-26 (Atmospheric) 625 23.3 Exposure Dating (10Be and 26Al) 633 23.4 Cosmogenic and Thermonuclear 36Cl 639 23.5 Meteorites 641 23.6 Other Long-Lived Cosmogenic Radionuclides 646 23.7 Summary 646 References 647 24 Extinct Radionuclides 654 24.1 The Pd-Ag Chronometer 655 24.2 The Al-Mg Chronometer 657 24.3 The Hf-W Chronometer 659 24.4 FUN in the Solar Nebula 662 24.5 Summary 663 References 664 25 Thermonuclear Radionuclides 667 25.1 Fission Products and Transuranium Elements 667 25.2 Strontium-90 in the Environment 672 25.3 Cesium-137 in the Environment 678 25.4 Arctic Ocean: 90Sr/137Cs, 239,240Pu, and 241Am 682 25.5 Summary 686 References 687 Part V Fractionation of Stable Isotopes 691 26 Hydrogen and Oxygen 693 26.1 Atomic Properties 693 26.2 Mathematical Relations 695 26.3 Meteoric Precipitation 697 26.4 Paleothermometry (Carbonates) 704 26.5 Silicate Minerals and Rocks 709 26.6 Water-Rock Interactions (Rocks) 714 26.7 Water-Rock Interactions (Water) 718 26.8 Clay Minerals 725 26.9 Marine Carbonates 727 26.10 Marine Phosphates 730 26.11 Biogenic Silica and Hydroxides of Fe and Al 735 26.12 Chert (Phanerozoic and Precambrian) 736 26.13 Extraterrestrial Rocks 738 26.14 Summary 743 References 744 27 Carbon 753 27.1 Biosphere 754 27.2 Life in the Precambrian Oceans 757 27.3 Fossil Fuel 761 27.4 Carbon-Isotope Stratigraphy (Phanerozoic) 763 27.5 Precambrian Carbonates 768 27.6 Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks 774 27.7 Extraterrestrial Carbon 785 27.8 Search for Life on Mars 790 27.9 Summary 792 References 793 28 Nitrogen 803 28.1 Geochemistry 803 28.2 Isotope Fractionation 805 28.3 Nitrogen on the Surface of the Earth 806 28.4 Fossil Fuels 808 28.5 Igneous Rocks and the Mantle 811 28.6 Ultramafic Xenoliths 812 28.7 Diamonds 813 28.8 Meteorites 815 28.9 Moon 817 28.10 Mars 818 28.11 Summary 820 References 820 29 Sulfur 824 29.1 Isotope Geochemistry 824 29.2 Biogenic Isotope Fractionation 825 29.3 Sulfur in Recent Sediment 827 29.4 Fossil Fuels 828 29.5 Native Sulfur Deposits 830 29.6 Sedimentary Rocks of Precambrian Age 831 29.7 Isotopic Evolution of Marine Sulfate 833 29.8 Igneous Rocks 835 29.9 Sulfide Ore Deposits 840 29.10 Sulfur in the Environment 843 29.11 Mass-Independent Isotope Fractionation 846 29.12 Summary 847 References 849 30 Boron and Other Elements 854 30.1 Boron 855 30.2 Lithium 859 30.3 Silicon 863 30.4 Chlorine 868 30.5 Postscript 870 References 870 Index 875 International Geological Timescale (2002) 897

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Details

  • NCID
    BA69849550
  • ISBN
    • 9780471384373
  • LCCN
    2003022089
  • Country Code
    us
  • Title Language Code
    eng
  • Text Language Code
    eng
  • Place of Publication
    Hoboken, N.J.
  • Pages/Volumes
    xxvii, 897 p.
  • Size
    24 cm
  • Classification
  • Subject Headings
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