Peacemaking among primates
著者
書誌事項
Peacemaking among primates
Harvard University Press, 1990
- : pbk
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注記
Bibliography: p. [273]-286
Includes index
Description based on fifth printing, 1996
内容説明・目次
内容説明
Does biology condemn the human species to violence and war? Previous studies of animal behavior incline us to answer yes, but the message of this book is considerably more optimistic. Without denying our heritage of aggressive behavior, Frans de Waal describes powerful checks and balances in the makeup of our closest animal relatives, and in so doing he shows that to humans making peace is as natural as making war.
In this meticulously researched and absorbing account, we learn in detail how different types of simians cope with aggression, and how they make peace after fights. Chimpanzees, for instance, reconcile with a hug and a kiss, whereas rhesus monkeys groom the fur of former adversaries. By objectively examining the dynamics of primate social interactions, de Waal makes a convincing case that confrontation should not be viewed as a barrier to sociality but rather as an unavoidable element upon which social relationships can be built and strengthened through reconciliation.
The author examines five different species-chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys, stump-tailed monkeys, bonobos, and humans-and relates anecdotes, culled from exhaustive observations, that convey the intricacies and refinements of simian behavior. Each species utilizes its own unique peacemaking strategies. The bonobo, for example, is little known to science, and even less to the general public, but this rare ape maintains peace by means of sexual behavior divorced from reproductive functions; sex occurs in all possible combinations and positions whenever social tensions need to be resolved. "Make love, not war" could be the bonobo slogan.
De Waal's demonstration of reconciliation in both monkeys and apes strongly supports his thesis that forgiveness and peacemaking are widespread among nonhuman primates-an aspect of primate societies that should stimulate much needed work on human conflict resolution.
目次
Acknowledgments Prologue 1. False Dichotomies "Good" Aggression "Bad" Peace The Individual and the Group Captive vs. Field Studies 2. Chimpanzees The Arnhem Project Reconciliation and Consolation Sex Differences A Coalition Breaks Deadly Violence Reflections on the Dark Side Self-Awareness and Chimpocentrism 3. Rhesus Monkeys Matriarchs and Matrilines The Transfer of Rank Aggression Levels The Exploratory Phase Implicit Reconciliations Hard Evidence Class Structure Climbing the Ladder 4. Stump-Tailed Monkeys Our Beauties Orgasmic Reconciliations Two Macaques All-Embracing Unity 5. Bonobos The "Pygmy Chimp" Is Neither Wild Bonobos and Wild Theories The Smartest Ape? The Peanut Family Games Bonobos Play Kama Sutra Primates The Sex-Contract Hypothesis Sex for Peace Epilogue 6. Humans The Paucity of Knowledge Degrees of Sophistication Conditions of Peace Children Cultures The Oath of the Elbe Conclusion Bibliography Index
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