CiNii Books - The adolescent : development, relationships, and culture

The Adolescent: Development, Relationships and Culture offers an eclectic, interdisciplinary approach to the study of adolescence, presenting both psychological and sociological viewpoints as well as educational, demographic, and economic data.

Table of Contents

Contents Features xi Preface xiii Part One Adolescence Chapter 1 Adolescents in Social Context 1 Approaches to Studying Adolescence 3 The Changing Face of American Adolescence 4 Our Society in Revolution 4 The Prolongation of Adolescence 7 The Revolution in Information Technology 7 The Internet 7 Potential Hazards of Internet Use 8 The Revolution in the Workplace 9 Multiple Jobholders and Overtime Work 9 Working Women 10 Adolescent Employment 10 Advertising and Consumption 11 The Education Revolution 11 Educational Attainment 11 Embracing the New Technology 11 Innovations in Career Education 12 The Family Revolution 12 Changes in Marriage and Parenthood 12 Changes in Family Dynamics 14 The Sexual Revolution 16 Positive Effects of the Sexual Revolution 16 Negative Effects of the Sexual Revolution 16 The Violence Revolution 17 Violent Crime 18 Violence in Society 18 Violence in the Home 19 Violent Deaths 19 A Caveat to Understanding Adolescence 19 Chapter 2 Adolescents in Theoretical Context 24 Biological Views of Adolescence 26 G. Stanley Hall: Sturm und Drang 26 Arnold Gesell: Spiral Growth Patterns 27 Psychoanalytical and Psychosocial Views of Adolescence 27 Sigmund Freud: Individuation 27 Anna Freud: Defense Mechanisms 29 Erik Erikson: Ego Identity 30 Cognitive Views of Adolescence 32 Jean Piaget: Adaptation and Equilibrium 32 Robert Selman: Social Cognition 34 Lev Vygotsky: Social Influences on Cognition 36 Social-Cognitive Learning View of Adolescence 37 Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory 37 Social-Cognitive Theory 38 The Impact of Culture on Adolescents 38 Robert Havighurst: Developmental Tasks 38 Kurt Lewin: Field Theory 40 Urie Bronfenbrenner: An Ecological Model 41 Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict: Anthropological Views 42 Chapter 3 Adolescent Diversity: Socioeconomic Status and Ethnicity 48 Adolescents of Low Socioeconomic Status 50 Limitations of Low Socioeconomic Status 51 Cycle of Poverty and Deprivation 51 Minority Adolescents 55 African American Adolescents 56 Latino Adolescents 60 Native American Adolescents 64 Asian-American Adolescents 67 Immigrants and Refugees 68 Southeast Asian Refugee Experience 69 PART TWO PHYSICAL Chapter 4 Body Issues: Sexual Maturation and Physical Growth 74 Biochemical Basis of Puberty 76 The Hypothalamus 76 The Pituitary Gland 76 The Gonads 77 The Adrenal Glands 78 Sex Hormone Regulation in Males 78 Sex Hormone Regulation in Females 78 Maturation and Functions of Male Sex Organs 79 Spermatogenesis 80 The Developing Penis 80 The Cowper's Glands 81 Nocturnal Emissions 82 Maturation and Functions of Female Sex Organs 82 The Developing Vagina 82 Changes in the Vulva and Uterus 82 Ovarian Changes 82 Menarche and the Menstrual Cycle 82 Menstrual Concerns 86 Development of Secondary Sexual Characteristics 87 Males 88 Females 88 Results of Sexual Maturation 90 Growth in Height and Weight 90 Growth Trends 91 Determinants of Height 91 Other Physical Changes 91 Chapter 5 Body Issues: Health-Related Behaviors and Attitudes 94 Health Status 96 Mortality 96 Health Decisions 96 Adolescent Health in the Third World 98 Body Image 98 Physical Attractiveness 98 Body Types and Ideals 99 Early and Late Maturation 101 Early-Maturing Boys 101 Late-Maturing Boys 101 Early-Maturing Girls 103 Late-Maturing Girls 103 Off-Time Maturation 103 Weight 104 Personal Contributors to Being Overweight 104 Interpersonal Interactions and Being Overweight 105 Environmental Influences 106 Broader Social Influences 106 Eating Disorders 106 Anorexia Nervosa 106 Bulimia 108 Health-Related Behaviors 109 Nutrition 109 Exercise 111 Sleep 112 Acne 112 Skin Gland Development 113 Causes 113 Treatment 113 PART THREE INTELLECTUAL Chapter 6 Traditional Approaches to Cognitive Development: Piaget and Elkind 116 Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development 118 Sensorimotor Stage 118 Preoperational Stage 119 Concrete Operational Stage 120 Formal Operational Stage 122 Effects of Adolescent Thought on Personality and Behavior 125 Idealism 125 Long-Term Values 126 Hypocrisy 126 Pseudostupidity 127 Egocentrism 127 Introspection 129 Self-Concept 129 Critique of Piaget's Theory 129 Criticisms of Piaget's First Two Stages 129 Age and Development 129 Consistency 130 Beyond Formal Operations 130 Culture and Environment 130 Motivation and Response 131 What Can We Retain from Formal Operations? 132 Chapter 7 New Approaches to Cognitive Development: Information Processing, Decision Making, and Assessment Issues 136 Information Processing 138 Steps in Information Processing 138 Processing Speed 141 Higher-Order Thought Processes 141 Problem Solving 143 The Role of Knowledge 143 Decision Making 143 The Process 143 The Nine Cs of Decision Making 144 Epistemological Understanding 146 Brain Development during Adolescence 147 Assessing Cognition 148 Theories of Intelligence 149 Intelligence Tests 151 Changes with Age 151 Factors Influencing Test Results 151 Uses and Misuses of IQ Tests 153 Achievement Tests 154 The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) 154 PART FOUR PSYCHOSOCIAL Chapter 8 Self-Concept, Identity, Ethnicity, and Gender 158 Self-Concept and Self-Esteem 160 Importance of Having a Good Self-Concept 161 Self-Esteem 162 Mental Health 163 Interpersonal Competence and Popularity 163 Progress in School 163 Vocational Aspirations 164 Delinquency 164 Development of a Positive Self-Concept 165 Changes in Self-Concept during Adolescence 168 Identity 168 Seven Conflicts 169 Identity Status 170 Identity as a Process 174 Ethnic Identity 175 Gender 178 Biological Sex 178 Cognitive-Developmental Theories 179 Societal Influences 179 Androgyny 182 Gender in Adolescence 182 Chapter 9 Sexual Values and Behavior 186 Changing Attitudes and Behavior 188 Premarital Sexual Behavior 188 Correlates 190 Other Mutual Sexual Behaviors 192 Masturbation 193 Sex and Its Meaning 193 What Are Adolescents Seeking? 193 Sexual Pluralism 193 Gender Differences in Sexual Ethics 195 Sexual Aggression 196 Contraceptives and Sexually Transmitted Diseases 197 Use of Contraceptives among Adolescents 197 Why Contraceptives Are Not Used 200 Should Adolescents Have Contraceptives? 200 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 201 AIDS 202 Unwed Pregnancy and Abortion 205 Incidence of Teen Pregnancy 205 Causation Theories 206 Pregnancy-Resolution Decisions 207 Adolescent Mothers 208 Adolescent Fathers 209 Homosexuality 210 Causation Theories 211 Identity Adjustment 213 Sex Knowledge and Sex Education 214 Sources of Sex Information 215 The Role of Parents 215 The Role of Schools 216 PART FIVE FAMILIAL Chapter 10 Adolescents and their Families 222 Parenting Adolescents 224 What Kinds of Parents Do Adolescents Want? 224 Connection 224 Trust 228 Attachment Style 228 Autonomy 228 Regulation 230 Parent-Adolescent Tension 234 Differences in Outlook 234 Focus of Conflict 235 Variables Affecting Conflict 236 Conflicts with Parents versus Conflicts with Peers 237 Results of Conflict 237 Relationships with Other Family Members 238 Adolescent-Sibling Relationships 238 Relationships with Other Relatives 239 Maltreatment 240 Physical Abuse 240 Sexual Abuse 240 Incest 241 Neglect 241 Chapter 11 Divorced, Parent-Absent, and Blended Families 244 With Whom Do American Adolescents Live? 246 Divorce and Adolescents 247 Attitudes toward Divorce 247 Short-Term Emotional Reactions 247 Long-Term Effects 249 Factors Influencing the Effects of Divorce 251 Single-Parent/Grandparent-Headed Families 255 Single-Parent Families Resulting from Parental Death 257 Effects of Being Raised in a One-Parent Family 258 Development of Masculinity/Femininity 258 Influences on School Performance, Achievement, and Vocation 259 Blended Families 259 Adopted Adolescents 263 PART SIX SOCIAL Chapter 12 Social Development: The Changing Nature of Friendship and Romance 266 Companionship 268 The Need for Friends 268 Loneliness 269 Family and Peer Relationships 270 Early Adolescent Friendships 270 Broadening Early Friendships 272 Friendship Activities 272 Group Acceptance and Popularity 273 What Does It Take to Be Popular? 273 Routes to Social Acceptance 274 The Darker Side of Peer Interactions: Bullying 276 Heterosociality 278 Psychosocial Development 278 Adolescent Love and Crushes 280 Loss of Love 280 Dating 281 The Development of Dating 282 Violence 283 "Going Together" 284 Nonmarital Cohabitation 285 Incidence 285 Meanings Attached to Cohabitation 285 Cohabitation versus Dating 287 Adjustments to Cohabitation 287 Effects on Subsequent Marriage 288 Cohabitation and Premarital Childbearing 288 Adolescent Marriage 289 Trends and Incidence 289 Prospects and Prognosis 290 A Profile of the Young Married 290 Reasons for Adolescent Marriage 290 Adjustments and Problems 291 Early Marriage and Education 293 Chapter 13 Adolescent Society, Culture, and Subculture 296 Culture and Society 298 The Adolescent Subculture 298 A False Dichotomy 298 Distinctive Social Relationships and Culture 299 Adolescent Societies 299 Formal Societies 299 Informal Societies 300 Division by Grade 300 Social Class and Status 300 Formal and Semiformal Subsystems 300 The Formal Academic Subsystem 300 The Semiformal Activities Subsystem 301 The Friendship Subsystem 302 Notable Youth Subcultures 303 Flappers 303 Hippies 304 Skateboarders 304 Hip-Hop 305 Goths 305 Material Concerns of Adolescent Culture 306 Adolescents as Consumer Forces 306 Clothing 307 Automobiles 309 Cell Phones 310 Computers and the Internet 311 Nonmaterial Concerns of Adolescent Culture 313 Slang 313 Music 313 Chapter 14 The Development of Moral Values 320 Cognitive-Socialization Theories of Development 322 Kohlberg and Levels of Moral Development 324 Gilligan and Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning 328 The Social-Cognitive Domain Approach to Moral Reasoning 329 Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior 330 Family Factors and Moral Learning 332 The Family's Role 332 Extrafamilial Influences on Morality 334 Peers 334 Religion 334 Television 336 Moral Education 339 Part Seven Educational and Vocational Chapter 15 Education and School 344 Trends in U.S. Education 346 Traditionalists versus Progressives 346 Rise of Progressive Education 346 Sputnik and After 346 1960s and 1970s 346 1980s 347 1990s 348 Early Twenty-First Century 349 Middle Schools 349 Characteristics of Good Schools 351 Size 352 Atmosphere 352 Teachers 353 Curriculum 354 Private versus Public Schools 355 Achievement and Dropping Out 356 Enrollment Figures 356 Who Drops Out and Why 356 Dropouts and Employment 362 Chapter 16 Work and Vocation 366 Motives for Choice 368 Theories of Vocational Choice 368 Ginzberg's Compromise with Reality Theory 368 Holland's Occupational Environment Theory 371 Gati's Sequential Elimination Model 372 People Influencing Vocational Choice 372 Parents 372 Peers 374 School Personnel 374 Gender Roles and Vocational Choice 374 Other Crucial Determinants of Vocational Choice 377 Intelligence 377 Aptitudes and Special Abilities 378 Interests 378 Job Opportunities 379 Salary 380 Prestige 380 Socioeconomic Factors 380 Familiarity 380 Social Status and Aspirations 380 Race/Ethnicity and Aspirations 381 Youth Employment 381 Working for Wages 381 Volunteerism 385 Adolescents and Unemployment 386 Numbers of Unemployed Youths 386 Causes of Unemployment 386 Career Education 387 PART EIGHT PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEMS Chapter 17 Adolescent Alienation 392 Running Away 394 Classes of Runaways 394 Reasons for Running Away 394 Throwaways 396 Life on the Street 396 Help for Runaways 396 Worldwide Scope 397 Suicide 397 Frequency of Suicide 397 Causes and Motives of Suicide 399 Copycat Suicides 403 Unsuccessful Attempts 403 Survivors 404 Juvenile Delinquency 404 Incidence of Delinquency 404 Causes of Delinquency 406 Juvenile Gangs 409 The Juvenile Justice System 411 The Restorative Justice Movement 414 Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency 414 Chapter 18 Substance Abuse, Addiction, and Dependency 418 Drug Use and Abuse 420 Physical Addiction and Psychological Dependency 420 Patterns and Intensity of Drug Use 420 Types of Drugs 421 Frequency of Adolescent Drug Use 427 Reasons for First Drug Use 429 Demographic Differences 430 Compulsive Drug Use 430 Prevention and Treatment 431 Tobacco and Smoking 435 Incidence of Tobacco Use 435 Reasons Adolescents Start Smoking 435 Effects of Cigarette Advertising 436 Reasons Adolescents Continue Smoking 437 Smokeless Tobacco 437 Keeping Adolescents from Starting 438 Alcohol and Excessive Drinking 439 Incidence of Alcohol Abuse 439 Reasons for Drinking during Adolescence 440 Adult and Peer Influences 441 Physical Consequences of Alcohol Use 442 Drinking in Young Adulthood 442 Epilogue 446 Glossary 448 Bibliography 453 Index 506

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The adolescent : development, relationships, and culture

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