Statistics for the behavioral sciences

著者

• Privitera, Gregory J.

書誌事項

Statistics for the behavioral sciences

Gregory J. Privitera

SAGE, c2012

• : cloth

注記

Includes bibliographical references and index

内容説明・目次

内容説明

An engaging introduction to statistics, the text provides readers with a tool for learning about behaviour without requiring a strong background in research methods. This comprehensive, yet conversational, text includes making sense sections to help relate and explain material that is often difficult for students to comprehend. The book provides instructions for using SPSS statistical software in each chapter with helpful examples and over 100 screen shots. Gregory Privitera takes a user-friendly approach while balancing statistical theory, computation, and application with the technical instruction needed for students to succeed in the modern era of data collection, analysis, and statistical interpretation. Key Features - 'making sense' sections break down the most difficult concepts in statistics for students, review important material, and basically "make sense" of the most challenging material. These sections are aimed at easing student stress, and making statistics more approachable. - 'research in focus' sections in Chapters 1 through 7 provide context by reviewing pertinent, current research that makes sense of or illustrates important statistical concepts discussed in the chapter. This feature prepares students to read research articles by providing examples on how a particular statistical method is reported. -"SPSS in focus" sections provide step-by-step, classroom-tested instruction using practical research examples for how the concepts taught in each chapter can be applied using SPSS. Students are supported with screen shot figures and explanations for how to read SPSS output. - numerous opportunities for practice are found in the 32-38 problems at the ends of each chapter. These are divided into different kinds of problems (factual problems, concept and application problems, and problems in research) categorized for easier identification and flexibility of assessment by instructors.

目次

SPSS Prefix: General Overview and Guide for Using SPSS Overview of SPSS: What are you looking at? Preview of SPSS in Focus Chapter 1-Introduction to Statistics 1.1 Descriptive and inferential statistics 1.2 Statistics in research 1.3 Scales of measurement 1.4 Types of data 1.5 Research in Focus: Types of data and scales of measurement 1.6 SPSS in Focus: Entering and defining variables Chapter 2-Summarizing Data: Tables, Graphs, and Distributions 2.1 Why summarize data? 2.2 Frequency distributions for grouped data 2.3 SPSS in Focus: Frequency distributions for quantitative data 2.4 Frequency distributions for ungrouped data 2.5 Research in Focus: Summarizing demographic information 2.6 SPSS in Focus: Frequency distributions for categorical data 2.7 Pictorial frequency distributions 2.8 Graphing distributions: Continuous data 2.9 Graphing distributions: Discrete and categorical data 2.10 Research in Focus: Frequencies and percents 2.11 SPSS in Focus: Histograms, bar charts, and pie charts Chapter 3-Summarizing Data: Central Tendency 3.1 Introduction to central tendency 3.2 Measures of central tendency 3.3 Characteristics of the mean 3.4 Choosing an appropriate measure of central tendency 3.5 Research in Focus: Describing central tendency 3.6 SPSS in Focus: Mean, median, and mode Chapter 4- Summarizing Data: Variability 4.1 Measuring variability 4.2 Range and midrange 4.3 Research in Focus: Reporting the range 4.4 Measures of variability: Quartiles and interquartiles 4.5 Research in Focus: The "midrange of behavior" 4.6 The variance 4.7 Explaining variance for populations and samples 4.8 The computational formula for variance 4.9 The Standard deviation 4.10 What does the standard deviation tell us? 4.11 Characteristics of the standard deviation 4.12 SPSS in Focus: Range, variance, and standard deviation Chapter 5- Probability 5.1 Introduction to probability 5.2 Calculating probability 5.3 Probability and relative frequency 5.4 The relationship between multiple outcomes 5.5 Conditional probabilities and Bayes' Theorem 5.6 SPSS in Focus: Probability tables 5.7 Probability distributions 5.8 The mean of a probability distribution and expected value 5.9 Research in Focus: When are risks worth taking? 5.10 The variance and standard deviation of a probability distribution 5.11 Expected value and the binomial distribution 5.12 A final thought on the likelihood of random behavioral outcomes Chapter 6- Probability and Normal Distributions 6.1 The normal distribution in behavioral science 6.2 Characteristics of the normal distribution 6.3 Research in Focus: The statistical norm 6.4 The standard normal distribution 6.5 The unit normal table: A brief introduction 6.6 Locating proportions 6.7 Locating scores 6.8 SPSS in Focus: Converting raw scores to standard z-scores 6.9 Going from binomial to normal 6.10 The normal approximation to the binomial distribution Chapter 7- Probability and Sampling Distributions 7.1 Selecting samples from populations 7.2 Selecting a sample: Who's in and who's out? 7.3 Sampling distributions: The mean 7.4 Sampling distributions: The variance 7.5 The standard error of the mean 7.6 Factors that decrease standard error 7.7 SPSS in Focus: Estimating the standard error of the mean 7.8 APA in Focus: Reporting the standard error 7.9 Standard normal transformations with sampling distributions Chapter 8- Introduction to Hypothesis Testing 8.1 Inferential Statistics and hypothesis testing 8.2 Four steps to hypothesis testing 8.3 Hypothesis testing and sampling distributions 8.4 Making a decision: Types of error 8.5 Testing a research hypothesis: Examples using the z-test 8.6 Research in Focus: Directional versus non-directional tests 8.7 Measuring the size of an effect: Cohen's d 8.8 Effect size, power, and sample size 8.9 Additional factors that increase power 8.10 SPSS in Focus: A preview for Chapters 9 to 18 8.11 APA in Focus: Reporting the test statistic and effect size Chapter 9-Testing Means: Independent Sample t-Tests 9.1 Going from z to t 9.2 The degrees of freedom 9.3 Reading the t-table 9.4 One-independent sample t-test 9.5 Effect size for the one-independent sample t-test 9.6 SPSS in Focus: One-independent sample t-test 9.7 Two-independent sample t-test 9.8 Effect size for the two-independent sample t-test 9.9 SPSS in Focus: Two-independent sample t-test 9.10 APA in Focus: Reporting the t-statistic and effect size Chapter 10-Testing Means: Related Samples t-Test 10.1 Related and independent samples 10.2 Introduction to the related samples t-test 10.3 Related samples t-test: Repeated measures design 10.4 SPSS in Focus: The related samples t-test 10.5 Related samples t-test: Matched pairs design 10.6 Measuring effect size for the related samples t-test 10.7 Advantages for selecting related samples 10.8 APA in Focus: Reporting the t-statistic and effect size for related samples Chapter 11-Estimation and Confidence Intervals 11.1 Point estimation and interval estimation 11.2 The process of estimation 11.3 Estimation for the one-independent sample z-test 11.4 Estimation for the one-independent sample t-test 11.5 SPSS in Focus: Confidence intervals for the one-independent t-test 11.6 Estimation for the two-independent sample t-test 11.7 SPSS in Focus: Confidence intervals for the two-independent t-test 11.8 Estimation for the related samples t-test 11.9 SPSS in Focus: Confidence intervals for the related samples t-test 11.10 Characteristics of estimation: Precisions and certainty 11.11 APA in Focus: Reporting confidence intervals Chapter 12-Analysis of Variance: One-Way Between-Subjects Design 12.1 Increasing k: A shift to analyzing variance 12.2 An introduction to analysis of variance 12.3 Sources of variation and the test statistic 12.4 Degrees of freedom 12.5 The one-way between-subjects ANOVA 12.6 What is the next step? 12.7 Post hoc comparisons 12.8 SPSS in Focus: The one-way between-subjects ANOVA 12.9 Measuring effect size 12.10 APA in Focus: Reporting the F-statistic, significance, and effect size Chapter 13-Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects Design 13.1 Observing the same participants across treatments 13.2 Sources of variation and the test statistic 13.3 Degrees of freedom 13.4 The one-way within-subjects ANOVA 13.5 Post hoc comparison: Bonferroni procedure 13.6 SPSS in Focus: The one-way within-subjects ANOVA 13.7 Measuring effect size 13.8 The within-subjects design: Consistency and power 13.9 APA in Focus: Reporting the F-statistic, significance, and effect size Chapter 14-Analysis of Variance: Two-Way Between-Subjects Factorial Design 14.1 Observing two factors at the same time 14.2 New terminology and notation 14.3 Designs for the two-way ANOVA 14.4 Describing variability: Main effects and interactions 14.5 The two-way between-subjects ANOVA 14.6 Analyzing main effects and interactions 14.7 Measuring effect size 14.8 SPSS in Focus: The two-way between-subjects ANOVA 14.9 APA in Focus: Reporting main effects, interactions, and effect size Chapter 15-Correlation 15.1 Treating factors as dependent measures 15.2 Describing a correlation 15.3 Pearson correlation coefficient 15.4 SPSS in Focus: Pearson correlation coefficient 15.5 Assumptions of tests for linear correlations 15.6 Limitations in interpretation: Causality, outliers, and restriction of range 15.7 Alternative to Pearson r: Spearman correlation coefficient 15.8 SPSS in Focus: Spearman correlation coefficient 15.9 Alternative to Pearson r: Point-biserial correlation coefficient 15.10 SPSS in Focus: Point-biserial correlation coefficient 15.11 Alternative to Pearson r: Phi correlation coefficient 15.12 SPSS in Focus: Phi correlation coefficient 15.13 APA in Focus: Reporting correlations Chapter 16-Linear Regression 16.1 From relationships to predictions 16.2 Fundamentals of linear regression 16.3 What makes the regression line the best fitting line? 16.4 The slope and y-intercept of a straight line 16.5 Using the method of least squares to find the best fit 16.6 Using analysis of regression to measure significance 16.7 SPSS in Focus: Analysis of regression 16.8 Using the standard error of estimate to measure accuracy 16.9 Multiple regression 16.10 APA in Focus: Reporting regression analysis Chapter 17-Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests 17.1 Tests for nominal data 17.2 The chi-square goodness-of-fit test 17.3 SPSS in Focus: The chi-square goodness-of-fit test 17.4 Interpreting the chi-square goodness-of-fit test 17.5 Independent observations and expected frequency size 17.6 The chi-square test for independence 17.7 The relationship between chi-square and the phi coefficient 17.8 Using the phi coefficient as a measure for effect size 17.9 SPSS in Focus: The chi-square test for independence 17.10 APA in Focus: Reporting the chi-square test Chapter 18-Nonparametric Tests: Tests For Ordinal Data 18.1 Tests for ordinal data 18.2 The sign test 18.3 SPSS in Focus: The related samples sign test 18.4. The Wilcoxon signed-ranks T test 18.5 SPSS in Focus: The Wilcoxon signed-ranks T test 18.6 The Mann-Whitney U test 18.7 SPSS in Focus: The Mann-Whitney U test 18.8 The Kruskal-Wallis H test 18.9 SPSS in Focus: The Kruskal-Wallis H test 18.10 The Friedman test 18.11 SPSS in Focus: The Friedman test 18.12 APA in Focus: Reporting nonparametric tests Appendix A-Mathematics in Statistics A.1 Positive and negative numbers A.2 Addition A.3 Subtraction A.4 Multiplication A.5 Division A.6 Fractions A.7 Decimals and percents A.8 Exponents and roots A.9 Order of computation A.10 Equations: Solving for x A.11 Summation notation Appendix B-Statistical Tables Table B.1 Unit Normal Table Table B.2 The t Table Table B.3 The F Table Table B.4 Studentized Range Statistic Table Table B.5 The Pearson Correlation Table Table B.6 The Spearman Correlation Table Table B.7 The Chi-square Table Table B.8 Binomial Probability Distribution Table Table B.9 The Wilcoxon T Table Table B.10 The Mann-Whitney U Table Appendix C-Chapter Solutions For Even Numbered Problems

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詳細情報

• NII書誌ID(NCID): BB07573458
• ISBN:
  • 9781412969314
• LCCN: 2011024471
• 出版国コード: us
• タイトル言語コード: eng
• 本文言語コード: eng
• 出版地: Los Angeles
• ページ数/冊数: xxxix, 664, 14, 4, 10 p.
• 大きさ: 27 cm
• 分類:
  • LCC : HA29
  • DC23 : 519.5
• 件名:
  • LCSH : Social sciences -- Statistical methods
  • LCSH : Psychology -- Statistical methods