Advances in nuclear physics

Author(s)

• Baranger, Michel
• Negele, J. W.
• Vogt, Erich W.

Bibliographic Information

Advances in nuclear physics

edited by J.W. Negele, Erich W. Vogt

Plenum Press , Kluwer, [1968]-2003

• v. 1
• v. 2
• v. 3
• v. 4
• v. 5
• v. 6
• v. 7
• v. 8
• v. 9
• v. 10
• v. 11
• v. 12
• v. 13
• v. 14
• v. 15
• v. 16
• v. 17
• v. 18
• v. 19
• v. 20
• v. 21
• v. 22
• v. 23
• v. 24
• v. 25
• v. 26
• v. 27

Note

1968- / editor's, M. Baranger and E. Vogt

v. 28-: title and publiser changed <BA8180550X>

Description and Table of Contents

Volume

v. 6 ISBN 9780306391064

Description

In the present volume and in the preceding one we have stretched our normal pattern of reviews by including articles of more major proportions than any we have published before. As a consequence each of these two vol- umes contains only three review articles. From the beginning of this series it has been our aim, as editors, to achieve variation in the scope, style, and length of individual articles sufficient to match the needs of the individual topic, rather than to restrain the authors within rigid limits. We feel that the two major articles of Vols. 5 and 6 are entirely justified and do not repre- sent unnecessary exuberance on the part of the authors. The article by Michaudon on fission is the first comprehensive account of the developments in this subject, which have placed it in the center of the stage of nuclear physics during the past few years. The discovery of fission isomerism and its dramatic manifestations in the intermediate structure of the neutron cross sections for fissionable isotopes are among the most im- portant and interesting events to occur in nuclear physics. These events came as a surprise, and reaffirmed that the strength of nuclear physics lies in the combination of ingenious experiments with simple ideas.

Table of Contents

1: Nuclear Fission.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Conventional Description of the Fission Process: Liquid Drop Model, Channel Theory of Fission.- 2.1. Liquid Drop Model.- 2.2 Fission Barrier Heights.- 2.3 Spontaneous Fission of Nuclei in Their Ground State.- 2.4. Fission Channel Theory of A. Bohr.- 3. Experimental Results Which Cannot Be Explained by Conventional Descriptions of the Fission Process.- 3.1. Fission Isomers.- 3.2. Intermediate Structure in Sub-barrier Fission Cross Sections.- 4. Potential Energy of Strongly Deformed Nuclei. Shell Effects.- 4.1. Existence of Shells at Large Deformations.- 4.2. Influence of Shells on the Binding Energy of the Nucleus.- 4.3. Strutinsky's Phenomenological Prescription for the Calculation of Shell Effects on the Binding Energy.- 4.4. Types of Potentials Used for Calculation of Shell-Energy Corrections.- 4.5. Fission Barrier Calculations with the Inclusion of Shell-Energy Corrections.- 4.6. Other Approaches to the Study of the Effect of Shells on the Potential Energy of Strongly Deformed Heavy Nuclei.- 5. Some Aspects of the Fission Process for Nuclei Having a Double-Humped Fission Barrier.- 5.1. Fission Isomers.- 5.2. Gross Structure in Some Cross Sections for Near-Threshold Fission Processes.- 5.3. Intermediate Structure in Sub-barrier Fission Cross Sections.- 5.4. Intermediate Structure in the Fission Cross Sections of Fissile Nuclei.- 5.5. Measured and Calculated Fission Barriers.- 6. Conclusion.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 2: The Microscopic Theory of Nuclear Effective Interactions and Operators.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Theory.- 2.1. Time-Dependent Derivation.- 2.2. Time-Independent Derivation.- 2.3. Brueckner Theory.- 2.4. The Algebraic Approach.- 3. Calculation of the Effective Two-Body Interaction.- 3.1. Perturbation Calculations.- 3.2. Nonperturbative Calculations.- 3.3. Convergence of the Perturbation Expansion.- 3.4. Conclusions.- 4. Calculation of the E2 Effective Charge.- 4.1. Effective Charge in Mass-17 Nuclei.- 4.2. Effects of Nucleon-Nucleon Force and Single-Particle Potential.- 4.3. Other Mass Values.- 5. Discussion and Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 3: Two-Neutron Transfer Reactions and the Pairing Mode.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Reaction Mechanism.- 2.1. The DWBA Method for Two-Nucleon Transfer Reactions.- 2.2. The Two-Nucleon Transfer Form Factor.- 2.3. Discussion of the Form Factor.- 2.4. Comparison Between DW Theory and Experiment.- 2.5. Two-Particle Units and Sum Rules.- 3. Presentation of the Data.- 3.1. The Gross Trends of 0+ ? 0+ and 0+? 2+ Transitions.- 3.2. Nuclei Far from Neutron Shell Closures.- 3.3. The Closed Shell Regions.- 3.4. Subshell Closures.- 4. The Pairing Model and Two-Neutron Transfer Reactions to J? = 0+ States.- 4.1. Pairing Deformed Systems.- 4.2. Normal Systems.- 4.3. The Pairing Phase Transitions.- 5. Analysis of the L = 0 Two-Neutron Transfer Reactions.- 5.1. Systems Far Away from Closed Shells.- 5.2. Systems Near Closed Shells.- 5.3. Intermediate Situations.- 5.4. Limitations of the Pairing Collective Description.- 5.5. Summary.- 6. Two-Neutron Transfer Reactions to States with J ? 0 and Natural Parity.- 6.1. Normal Systems.- 6.2. Superfluid Nuclei.- 6.3. Particle-Vibration Coupling and the Problem of Anharmonicities.- 6.4. Anharmonicities of the Pairing Vibration Spectrum as Determined from (t, p) and (p, t) Reactions.- 6.5. Summary.- Acknowledgments.- Appendix 1.- Data References for the Appendix Tables.- Appendix 2.- A2.1. Introduction.- A2.2. Coexistence Model.- A2.3. SU3 Model.- A2.4. Pairing Model.- Appendix 3.- References.

Volume

v. 7 ISBN 9780306391071

Description

As much by chance as by design, the present volume comes closer to having a single theme than any of our earlier volumes. That theme is the properties of nuclear strength functions or, alternatively, the problem of line spreading. The line spreading or strength function concepts are essential for the nucleus because of its many degrees of freedom. The description of the nucleus is approached by using model wave functions-for example, the shell model or the collective model-in which one has truncated the number of degrees of freedom. The question then is how closely do the model wave functions correspond to the actual nuclear wave functions which enjoy all the degrees of freedom of the nuclear Hamiltonian? More precisely, one views the model wave functions as vectors in a Hilbert space and one views the actual wave functions as vectors spanning another, larger Hilbert space. Then the question is: how is a single-model wave function (or vector) spread among the vectors corresponding to the actual wave functions? As an example we consider a model state which is a shell-model wave function with a single nucleon added to a closed shell. Such a model state is called a single-particle wave function. At the energy of the single-particle waVe function one of the actual nuclear wave functions may resemble the single-particle wave function closely.

Table of Contents

1 Nucleon-Nucleus Collisions and Intermediate Structure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. A Simple Model of a Resonance Process.- 2.1. The Model and Its Stationary State Solutions.- 2.2. Time-Dependent Picture.- 2.3. Applications of the Simple Model.- 2.4. Mixing Times in Nuclear Excitations.- 3. Nucleon-Nucleus Scattering and Intermediate Structure.- 3.1. Review of the Models of Nuclear Resonance Reactions.- 3.2. Physical Picture of Nucleon-Nucleus Scattering.- 3.3. The Optical-Model Strength Function as a Function of Mass Number.- 3.4. Shell-Model Investigations of Doorway States.- 3.5. Vibrations as Doorway States.- 3.6. Doorway States and Isobaric Analog Resonances.- 3.7. Electromagnetic Interactions and Intermediate Structure.- 3.8. Intermediate Structure in Fission.- 3.9. Doorway States and Partial Width Correlations.- 3.10. Intermediate Structure and the High-Energy Neutron Tail in Neutron Evaporation Spectra.- 3.11. Intermediate Structure and Statistical Fluctuations.- 3.12. Experimental Observations of Intermediate Structure in Total Neutron Cross Sections.- 4. Theoretical Framework for Intermediate Resonances.- 4.1. Shell-Model Theory of Nuclear Reactions.- 4.2. Theory of Average Cross Sections.- 5. Summary.- References.- 2 Coulomb Mixing Effects in Nuclei: A Survey Based on Sum Rules.- Abstract.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sum-Rule Approach to Coulomb Mixing.- 3. Evaluation of Sum-Rule Quantities for Separate Isospins...- 3.1. Oscillator Shell Model.- 3.2. Shell Model with Correlations.- 3.3. Specification of ?(T?).- 3.4. Specification of N(T?).- 4. Total Isospin Impurities of States.- 4.1. Parent States.- 4.2. Analog States.- 5. Superallowed Fermi Transitions.- 6. Isobaric Mass Formula.- 6.1. First-Order Energy.- 6.2. Second-Order Energy.- 6.3. Correlated Model.- 6.4. Configuration States.- 6.5. Observed Values.- 7. Analog States: General Remarks and Lowest-Order Effects.- 7.1. ?Ec in Terms of Relative Coulomb Potential and Exact Parent State.- 7.2. ?Ec in Terms of Coulomb Energy and Unperturbed Parent State.- 7.3. First-Order Shift ?1and Pseudo-First-Order Shift ?1?.- 8. Analog States: Second-Order Shifts and Width.- 8.1. Estimate of ?Ec - ?1? = [?(-+) + ?(+-)].- 8.2. Estimate of (?2a - ?2p).- 8.3. Comparison of ?1 and ?1?.- 8.4. Implications for the Nolen-Schiffer Anomaly.- 8.5. Spreading Width.- 9. Second-Order Effects in Model Calculations.- 9.1. Coulomb Shift of Single-Particle States.- 9.2. Model Analog.- 9.3. Analysis of Shift Calculated from the Model.- 9.4. Analysis of Spreading Width Calculated from the Model.- 10. Conclusions.- Acknowledgment.- Appendix 1 Corrections from More Accurate Treatment of the Coulomb Potential.- Appendix 2 Explicit Treatment of Effect of Correlations on Second-Order Coulomb Mixing.- Appendix 3 Shell-Model Sum Rules for the One- and Two-Body Coulomb Forces.- Appendix 4 Coulomb Mixing Properties of Oscillator Orbitals.- References.- 3 The Beta Strength Function.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Beta-Transition Rates between Individual Nuclear Levels.- 2.1. The Fermi Transitions.- 2.2. The Gamow-Teller Transitions.- 2.3. Forbidden Transitions.- 3. Expected Properties of the Beta Strength Function.- 3.1. The Shell Model and Effects of Pairing.- 3.2. The Correlations.- 3.3. Fluctuations.- 4. Experimental Results on Beta Strength.- 4.1. Nuclear Level Schemes.- 4.2. Total Absorption Spectrometry.- 4.3. The Systematics of Beta Halflives.- 4.4. Beta-Delayed Particle Emission.- 4.5. Muon-Capture and Electromagnetic Transitions.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 4 Gamma-Ray Strength Functions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theoretical Background.- 2.1. Nomenclature.- 2.2. Strength Functions.- 2.3. Spectral Distributions.- 3. Experimental Methods.- 3.1. Photoexcitation Method.- 3.2. Spectrum Fitting Method.- 3.3. Sequential Extraction Method.- 3.4. High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Method.- 3.5. Comparison of Methods.- 4. Properties of Gamma-Ray Strength Functions.- 4.1. General Properties.- 4.2. Detailed Properties.- 5. Discussion.- 5.1. General.- 5.2. Compatibility of Strength Functions.- 5.3. E1 Strength Function.- 5.4. M1 Strength Function.- 6. Conclusion.- Acknowledgments.- References.

Volume

v. 8 ISBN 9780306391088

Description

Review articles on three topics of considerable current interest make up the present volume. The first, on A-hypernuclei, was solicited by the editors in order to provide nuclear physicists with a general description of the most recent developments in a field which this audience has largely neglected or, perhaps, viewed as a novelty in which a bizarre nuclear system gave some information about the lambda-nuclear intersection. That view was never valid. The very recent developments reviewed here-particularly those pertaining to hypernuclear excitations and the strangeness exchange reactions-emphasize that this field provides important information about the models and central ideas of nuclear physics. The off-shell behavior of the nucleon-nucleon interaction is a topic which was at first received with some embarrassment, abuse, and neglect, but it has recently gained proper attention in many nuclear problems. Interest was first focused on it in nuclear many-body theory, but it threatened nuclear physicists'comfortable feeling about nonrelativistic potential theory, and many no doubt hoped that it would remain merely an esoteric diversion within the many-body cult. In the editors' opinion, this subject is now emi- nently respectable and a review of it indeed timely. The third topic, nuclear charge distributions, is one which almost every nuclear physicist believed had been weIl in hand for some years.

Table of Contents

1 Strong Interactions in ?-Hypernucle.- 2 Off-Shell Behavior of the Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction.- 3 Theoretical and Experimental Determination of Nuclear Charge Distributions.

Volume

v. 9 ISBN 9780306391095

Description

The three articles of the present volume clearly exhibit a wide scope of articles, which is the aim of this series. The article by Kahana and Baltz lies in the main flow of the large stream of work currently in progress with heavy-ion accelerators. A related article by Terry Fortune on "Multinuclear Transfer Reactions with Heavy Ions" is scheduled to appear in the next volume. The article by Whitehead, Watt, Cole, and Morrison pertains to the nuclear-shell model for which a number of articles have appeared in our series. Our very first volume had an article on how SU(3) techniques can, with great elegance, enable one to cope with the sizable number of states within a configuration. But the actual nuclear force is not exactly that yielded by the elegant techniques, and so interest continued in dealing with the large number of states by brute force. Then the Glasgow school of Whitehead et al. discovered that mathematical techniques existed for coping more simply with the lowest eigenvalues of large matrices. The present ar- ticle aims generally to make accessible to nuclear physicists the methods developed at Glasgow. The final article by Baer, Crowe, and Truol on radiative pion capture describes a new field of importance because of the advent of the meson factories. More and more pions and muons will become standard tools in nuclear physics.

Table of Contents

1 One- and two-Nucleon transfer Reactions with heavy Ions.- 2 Computational Methods for Shell-Model Calculations.- 3 Radiative Pion Capture in Nuclei.

Volume

v. 10 ISBN 9780306391101

Description

The present volume reaffirms nuclear physics as an experimental science since the authors are primarily experimentalists and since the treatment of the topics might be said to be "experimental." (This is no reflection on the theoretical competence of any of the authors.) The subject of high-spin phenomena in heavy nuclei has grown much beyond the idea of "backbending" which gave such an impetus to its study five years ago. It is a rich, new field to which Lieder and Ryde have contributed greatly. The article "Valence and Doorway Mechanisms in Resonance Neutron Capture" is, in contradistinction, an article pertaining to one of the oldest branches of nuclear physics-and it brings back one of our previous authors. The Doppler-shift method, reviewed by Alexander and Forster, is one of the important new experimental techniques that emerged in the previous decade. This review is intended, deliberately, to describe thoroughly a classic technique whose elegance epitomizes much of the fascination which nuclear physics techniques have held for a generation of scientists. This volume concludes the work on the Advances in Nuclear Physics series of one of the editors (M. Baranger), whose judgment and style characterize that which is best in the first ten volumes. Many of our readers and most of our authors will be grateful for the high standards which marked his contributions and which often elicited extra labor from the many authors of the series.

Table of Contents

1 Phenomena in Fast Rotating Heavy Nuclei.- 2 Valence and Doorway Mechanisms in Resonance Neutron Capture.- 3 Lifetime Measurements of Excited Nuclear Levels by Doppler-Shift Methods.

Volume

v. 13 ISBN 9780306413131

Description

The reviews in this volume address advances in three important but diverse areas of nuc1ear physics. Within nuc1ear physics it would be hard to provide a wider range of subject matter, style, or treatment. The first artic1e, on quark bags, is a pedagogic artic1e intended to make accessible to the nuc1ear physics community important new ideas from partic1e physics. The second, on interacting boson models, reviews a very interesting and controversial new approach to some of the central problems of nuc1ear spectroscopy. The third, on relativistic heavy-ion physics, is a guide to the extensive literature on a new subject which has been fuH of great expectations, puz- zling data, and speculative ideas. In the past decade, partic1e theorists' understanding of the structure of hadrons has undergone a revolution strikingly similar to that brought about in nuc1ear physics by the introduction of the Iluc1ear sheH model. Like the sheH model, the bag model of hadrons phenomenologically specifies an interior region in which constituents are confined and described by single-partic1e wave functions that are only weakly perturbed by residual interactions.

Table of Contents

1 Chiral Symmetry and the BAG Model: A New Starting Point for Nuclear Physics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Basic Bag Model.- 2.1. The MIT Bag Model.- 2.2. The Spectroscopy of Low-Lying States.- 2.3. Attempts to Derive a Bag Model.- 2.4. Relationship to Nonrelativistic Quark Models.- 3. Hadronic Properties in the MIT Bag Model.- 3.1. Charge Radii.- 3.2. Magnetic Moments.- 3.3. The Axial Current.- 3.4. Center of Mass Corrections.- 4. Chiral Symmetry.- 4.1. Lagrangian Formulation of the MIT Bag Model.- 4.2. Conserved Currents in Lagrangian Field Theory.- 4.3. The Axial Current.- 4.4. The ?-Model and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking.- 5. Bag Models with Chiral Symmetry.- 5.1. Motivation.- 5.2. Chodos and Thorn.- 5.3. Further Developments.- 5.4. The Cloudy Bag Model.- 6. Applications of the Cloudy Bag Model.- 6.1. A Hamiltonian for Low-and Medium-Energy Physics.- 6.2. The Nucleon.- 6.3. Pion-Nucleon Scattering.- 6.4. Magnetic Moments of the Nucleon Octet.- 6.5. Summary.- 7. Towards a New View of Nuclear Physics.- 7.1. The Nucleon-Nucleon Force.- 7.2. Symmetry Breaking as a Clue.- 7.3. The Nuclear Many-Body Problem.- 8. Conclusion.- Acknowledgements.- Appendix I.- References.- 2 The Interacting Boson Model.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Interacting Boson Model-1.- 2.1. The Model.- 2.2. Analytic Solutions.- 2.3. Transitional Classes.- 2.4. Extensions of the Model.- 3. Geometric Properties of the Interacting Boson Model-1.- 3.1. Coherent States.- 3.2. Transitional Classes and Shape-Phase Transitions.- 4. The Interacting Boson Model-2.- 4.1. The Model.- 4.2. Energy Levels.- 4.3. Electromagnetic Transition Rates.- 4.4. Other Properties.- 4.5. Extensions of the Model.- 5. Microscopic Description of Interacting Bosons.- 5.1. Generalized Seniority.- 5.2. The Single j-Shell.- 5.3. Several j-Shells.- 5.4. The Ginocchio Model.- 6. Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 3 High-Energy Nuclear Collisions.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Motivation.- 1.2. High-Energy Heavy-Ion Accelerators in the World.- 1.3. The High-Density-Temperature Nuclear Domain.- 1.4. The Experimental View.- 2. Theoretical Tools.- 2.1. Quantal and Classical Aspects.- 2.2. Classical Tools.- 2.3. Statistical Models.- 2.4. Hydrodynamics.- 2.5. Intranuclear Cascade.- 2.6. Nonequilibrium Quantum Scattering.- 3. Elements of the Reaction Mechanism.- 3.1. Collision Geometry.- 3.2. Evidence for Multiple Collisions.- 3.3. Inclusive Proton Spectra.- 3.4. Composite Formation.- 3.5. Pion Production.- 3.6. Strange-Particle Production.- 3.7. Coulomb Final-State Interactions.- 3.8. Forward and Backward Spectra.- 3.9. Spectator Physics.- 4. Toward the Physics of Dense Nuclear Matter.- 4.1. Do Nuclei Flow?.- 4.2. Entropy Puzzle.- 4.3. Novel States of Nuclei.- 5. Summary and Outlook.- Acknowledgments.- Appendix: Definition of Common Variables.- References.

Volume

v. 15 ISBN 9780306418648

Description

"Analytic Insights into Intermediate-Energy Hadron-Nucleus Scattering," by R. D. Amado, presents a review of optical diffraction leading into discussions of elastic scattering, single- and multistep inelastic scattering, spin observables, and directions indicated for further research. "Recent Developments in Quasi-Free Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering," by P. Kitching, W. J. McDonald, Th. A. J. Maris, and C. A. Z. Vascon­ cellos, opens with a comprehensive review of the theory, going on to detail frontier research advances in spin dependence in (p, 2p) scattering, isospin dependence, and other quasi-free reactions. The final chapter, "Energetic Particle Emission in Nuclear Reactions" by D. H. Boal, explores new findings regarding direct interactions in the nucleus, thermalization and multiple scattering in nucleon emission, light fragment formation, and production of intermediate-mass fragments. A valuable and instructive trio of papers, Volume 15 of Advances in Nuclear Physics will be of interest to nonspecialists as well as specialists in the fields of nuclear physics, high-energy physics, and theoretical physics.

Table of Contents

1 Analytic Insights Into Intermediate-Energy Hadron-Nucleus Scattering.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Phenomenology of Intermediate-Energy Hadron-Nucleus Scattering.- 3. Brief Review of Optical Diffraction.- 4. Elastic Scattering.- 5. Inelastic Scattering.- 6. Spin Observables.- 7. New Direction.- 8. Summary and Conclusion.- References and Notes.- 2 Recent Developments in Quasi-Free Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Review of the Theory.- 3. Spin Dependence in (p, 2p) Scattering.- 4. Isospin Dependence.- 5. Remarks on Other Quasi-Free Reactions.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 Energetic Particle Emission in Nuclear Reactions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Direct Interactions in the Nucleus.- 3. Thermalization and Multiple Scattering in Nucleon Emission.- 4. Light-Fragment Formation.- 5. Production of Intermediate-Mass Fragments.- 6. Summary.- References.

Volume

v. 16 ISBN 9780306419973

Description

"Analytic Insights into Intermediate-Energy Hadron-Nucleus Scattering," by R. D. Amado, presents a review of optical diffraction leading into discussions of elastic scattering, single- and multistep inelastic scattering, spin observables, and directions indicated for further research. "Recent Developments in Quasi-Free Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering," by P. Kitching, W. J. McDonald, Th. A. J. Maris, and C. A. Z. Vascon cellos, opens with a comprehensive review of the theory, going on to detail frontier research advances in spin dependence in (p, 2p) scattering, isospin dependence, and other quasi-free reactions. The final chapter, "Energetic Particle Emission in Nuclear Reactions" by D. H. Baal, explores new findings regarding direct interactions in the nucleus, thermalization and multiple scattering in nucleon emission, light fragment formation, and production of intermediate-mass fragments. A valuable and instructive trio of papers, Volume 15 of Advances in Nuclear Physics will be of interest to nonspecialists as well as specialists in the fields of nuclear physics, high-energy physics, and theoretical physics. J. W. NEGELE E. VoGT ix CONTENTS Chapter 1 ANALYTIC INSIGHTS INTO INTERMEDIATE-ENERGY HADRON-NUCLEUS SCATTERING R. D. Amado I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

Volume

v. 19 ISBN 9780306430466

Description

The two comprehensive reviews in this volume address two fundamental problems that have been of long-standing interest and are the focus of current effort in contemporary nuclear physics: exploring experimentally the density distributions of constituents within the nucleus and understand- ing nuclear structure and interactions in terms of hadronic degrees of freedom. One of the major goals of experimental probes of atomic nuclei has been to discover the spatial distribution of the constituents within the nucleus. As the energy and specificity of probes have increased over the years, the degree of spatial resolution and ability to select specific charge, current, spin, and isospin densities have correspondingly increased. In the first chapter, Batty, Friedman, Gils, and Rebel provide a thorough review of what has been learned about nuclear density distributions using electrons, muons, nucleons, antinucleons, pions, alpha particles, and kaons as probes. This current understanding, and the limitations thereof, are crucial in framing the questions that motivate the next generation of experimental facilities to study atomic nuclei with electromagnetic and hadronic probes. The second chapter, by Machleidt, reviews our current understanding of nuclear forces and structure in terms of hadronic degrees of freedom, that is, in terms of mesons and nucleons. Such an understanding in terms of hadronic variables is crucial for two reasons. First, since effective hadronic theories are quite successful in describing a broad range of phenomena in low-energy nuclear physics, and there are clear experimental signatures of meson exchange currents in nuclei, we must understand their foundations.

Table of Contents

1 Experimental Methods for Studying Nuclear Density Distributions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nuclear Charge Distributions.- 2.1. Electron Scattering.- 2.2. Muonic Atoms.- 2.3. Electronic X Rays.- 2.4. Optical Isotope Shifts.- 2.5. Comparisons and Comments.- 3. Information on Specific Orbitals.- 3.1. Coulomb Displacement Energies.- 3.2. Nucleon Transfer Reactions.- 3.3. Charge-Exchange Reactions to Analog States.- 3.4. Magnetic Scattering of Electrons.- 3.5. Comparisons and Comments.- 4. Information on the Periphery of the Nucleus.- 4.1. Kaonic and Antiprotonic Atoms.- 4.2. Pionic Atoms.- 4.3. K? and $$\bar{p}$$ Reactions with Nuclei.- 4.4. Comments.- 5. Information on the Nuclear Surface.- 5.1. Total and Reaction Cross Sections at High Energies.- 5.2. Model-Independent Methods for the Analysis of Scattering Experiments.- 5.3. Folding Model Approaches to the Optical Potential.- 5.4. Low- and Medium-Energy Proton Scattering 95 5.5. Diffraction Scattering of Low- and Medium-Energy Alpha Particles.- 5.6. Scattering of Intermediate-Energy Pions.- 5.7. Scattering of Low-Energy Antiprotons.- 6. Toward the Nuclear Interior.- 6.1. Intermediate-Energy Alpha-Particle Scattering.- 6.2. Double-Folding versus Single-Folding in Analyses of Complex Particle Scattering and the Choice of the Interaction.- 6.3. Scattering of Intermediate-Energy Protons.- 6.4. Scattering of Low-Energy Pions.- 7. Future Methods and Probes.- 7.1. Combined Analysis of Different Types of Experiments.- 7.2. K+ Scattering.- 8. Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 2 The Meson Theory of Nuclear Forces and Nuclear Structure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Overview.- 2.1. The "Hypothetical" Period.- 2.2. The Pion as the Quantum.- 2.3. "Dispersive" Approaches.- 2.4. A Tale of Two Cities.- 2.5. More Recent Developments.- 3. Pedagogical Introduction.- 3.1. Empirical Features of the Nuclear Force.- 3.2. The Idea of Massive-Particle Exchange.- 3.3. Field Theory, Perturbation Theory, and Feynman Diagrams.- 3.4. Various Boson Fields and their Role in NN.- 4. The One-Boson Exchange Model.- 4.1. Covariant Equations.- 4.2. Meson Parameters and Two-Nucleon Properties.- 5. Advanced Meson Exchange Models.- 5.1. Models for the 2? Exchange.- 5.2. ?? Contributions.- 5.3. Other Two-Meson-Exchange Contributions.- 5.4. Results.- 5.5. Off-Shell Aspects.- 6. Charge Dependence.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Empirical Evidence.- 6.3. Some Results from Theory.- 7. Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering above the Inelastic Threshold.- 7.1. At Intermediate Energies.- 7.2. The GeV Region.- 8. Some Related Hadronic Interactions.- 8.1. Pion-Nucleon Scattering.- 8.2. The $$N\bar{N}$$ Potential.- 8.3. Strange Nuclear Interactions.- 9. Nuclear Matter I-Conventional.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. History of the Conventional Many-Body Problem.- 9.3. Conventional Theories.- 9.4. Results and Problems.- 10. Nuclear Matter II-Beyond Convention.- 10.1. Possible Extensions.- 10.2. Meson Degrees of Freedom.- 10.3. Isobar Degrees of Freedom.- 10.4. Many-Body Forces.- 10.5. Relativistic Effects.- 11. Finite Nuclei.- 11.1. The Three-Nucleon System.- 11.2. The Ground State of Closed-Shell Nuclei.- 11.3. Excited States.- 12. Summary, Conclusions, and Outlook.- Acknowledgments.- Appendix A: One-Boson Exchange Potentials.- A.1. Interaction Lagrangians and OBE Amplitudes.- A.2. Relativistic Momentum Space OBEP.- A.3. Coordinate Space Potentials.- Appendix B: Models Including Isobar Degrees of Freedom.- Appendix C: Deuteron Wave Functions.- References.

Volume

v. 20 ISBN 9780306438615

Description

Nuclear many-body theory provides the foundation for understanding and exploiting the new generation of experimental probes of nuclear structure that are now becoming available. The twentieth volume of Advances in Nuclear Physics is thus devoted to two major theoretical chapters addressing two fundamental issues: understanding single-particle properties in nuclei and the consistent formulation of a relativistic theory appropriate for hadronic physics. The long-standing problem of understanding single-particle behavior in a strongly interacting nuclear system takes on new urgency and sig­ nificance in the face of detailed measurements of the nuclear spectral function in (e, e'p) experiments. In the first chapter, Mahaux and Sartor confront head-on the ambiguities in defining single-particle properties and the limitations in calculating them microscopically. This thoughtful chapter provides a thorough, pedagogical review of the relevant aspects of many­ body theory and of previous treatments in the nuclear physics literature. It also presents the author's own vision of how to properly formulate and understand single-particle behavior based on the self-energy, or mass operator. Their approach provides a powerful, unified description of the nuclear mean field that covers negative as well as positive energies and consistently fills in that information that cannot yet be calculated reliably microscopically by a theoretically motivated phenomenology. Particular emphasis is placed upon experiment, both in the exhaustive comparisons with experimental data and in the detailed discussion of the relations of each of the theoretical quantities defined in the chapter to physical observables.

Table of Contents

1 Single-Particle Motion in Nucle.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Phenomenological Shell-Model Potential.- 3. Quasiparticle Excitations.- 4. The Optical Model.- 5. Nuclear Matter.- 6. Microscopic Theory of Single-Particle Properties.- 7. Construction of the Mean Field at Positive and Negative Energies.- 8. Overview.- References.

Volume

v. 21 ISBN 9780306445484

Table of Contents

Multi-Quar+

Volume

v. 22 ISBN 9780306451577

Description

This volume presents five pedagogical articles spanning frontier developments in contemporary nuclear physics ranging from the physics of a single nucleon to nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang. Although the objectives of Advances in Nuclear Physics have been and will continue to be quite distinct from those of conventional conference proceedings, the articles in this volume are carefully edited and expanded manuscripts based on an outstanding series of lectures delivered at the VI J. A. Swieca Summer School in Brazil. Starting at the smallest scale, the first article by Dan Olof Riska addresses realistic chiral symmetric models of the nucleon. Since the analytic tools are not yet developed to solve nonperturbative QCD directly, significant effort has been devoted in recent years to the development of models which incorporate and are constrained by the approximate chiral symmetry manifested in QCD. This article provides a clear introduction to chiral symmetry and the Skyrme model, and discusses the Skyrme model's relation to the chiral bag model, its extensions, and its application to nucleons and hyperons.

Table of Contents

• Nucleon Models
• D.O. Riska. Aspects of Electromagnetic Nuclear Physics and Electroweak Interactions
• T.W. Donnelly. Color Transparency and Crosssection Fluctuations in Hadronic Collisions
• G. Baym. Manybody Methods at Finite Temperature
• D. Vautherin. Nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang and in Stars
• K. Langanke, C.A. Barnes. Index.

Volume

v. 23 ISBN 9780306452208

Description

This volume of Advances in Nuclear Physics addresses two very different frontiers of contemporary nuclear physics - one highly theoretical and the other solidly phenomenological. The first article by Matthias Burkardt provides a pedagogical overview of the timely topic of light front quantization. Although introduced decades ago by Dirac, light front quantization has been a central focus in theoretical - clear and particle physics in recent years for two majorreasons. The first, as discussed in detail by Burkardt, is that light-cone coordinates are the natural coordinates for describing high-energy scattering. The wealth of data in recent years on nucleon and nucleus structure functions from high-energy lepton and hadron scattering thus provides a strong impetus for understanding QCD on the light cone. Second, as theorists have explored light front quantization, a host of deep and intriguing theoretical questions have arisen associated with the triviality of the vacuum, the role of zero modes, rotational invariance, and renormalization. These issues are so compelling that they are now intensively investigated on their own merit, independent of the particular application to high-energy scattering. This article provides an excellent introduction and overview of the motivation from high-energy scattering, an accessible - scription of the basic ideas, an insightful discussion of the open problems, and a helpful guide to the specialized literature. It is an ideal opportunity for those with a spectator's acquaintance to develop a deeper understanding of this important field.

Table of Contents

Light Front Quantization (M. Burkardt). Nucleon Knockout by Intermediate Energy Electrons (J.J. Kelly). Index.

Volume

v. 24 ISBN 9780306457579

Description

The three articles of the present volume pertain to very different subjects, all ofconsiderable current interest. The first reviews the fascinating history ofthe search for nucleon substructure in the nucleus using the strength ofGamow- Teller excitations. The second deals with deep inelastic lepton scattering as a probe ofthe non-perturbative structure of the nucleon. The third describes the present state ofaffairs for muon catalyzed fusion, an application of nuclear physics which many new experiments have helped to elucidate. This volume certainly illustrates the broad range ofphysics within our field. The article on Nucleon Charge-Exchange Reactions at Intermediate Energy, by Parker Alford and Brian Spicer, reviews recent data which has clarified one of the greatest puzzles of nuclear physics during the past two decades, namely, the "missing strength" in Gamow-Teller (GT) transitions. The nucleon-nucleon interaction contains a GT component which has a low-lying giant resonance. The integrated GT strength is subject to a GT sum rule. Early experiments with (n,p) charge exchange reactions found only about half of the strength, required by the sum rule, in the vicinity of the giant resonance. At the time, new theoretical ideas suggested that the GT strength was especially sensitive to renormalization from effects pertaining to nucleon substructure, particularly the delta excitation of the nucleon in the nucleus.

Table of Contents

• Nucleon Charge-Exchange Reactions at Intermediate Energy
• W.P. Alford, B.M. Spicer. Mesonic Contributions to the Spin and Flavor Structure of the Nucleon
• J. Speth, A.W. Thomas. Muon Catalyzed Fusion: Interplay between Nuclear and Atomic Physics
• K. Nagamine, M. Kamimura. Index.

Volume

v. 25 ISBN 9780306464409

Description

For the first half of the 20th Century, low-energy nuclear physics was one of the dominant foci of all of science. Then accelerators prospered and energies rose, leading to an increase of interest in the GeV regime and beyond. The three articles comprising this end-of-century Advances in Nuclear Physics present a fitting and masterful summary of the energy regimes through which nuclear physics has developed and promises to develop in future. One article describes new information about fundamental symmetries found with kV neutrons. Another reviews our progress in understanding nucleon-nucleus scattering up to 1 GeV. The third analyzes dilepton production as a probe for quark-gluon plasmas generated in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.

Table of Contents

• 1. Chiral Symmetry Restoration and Dileptons in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Rapp, Wambach. 2. Fundamental Symmetry Violation in Nuclei
• H. Feshbach, et al. 3. Nucleon-Nucleus Scattering: A Microscopic Nonrelativistic Approach
• K. Amos, et al. Index

Volume

v. 26 ISBN 9780306466854

Description

The four articles of the present volume address very different topics in nuclear physics and, indeed, encompass experiments at very different kinds of exp- imental facilities. The range of interest of the articles extends from the nature of the substructure of the nucleon and the deuteron to the general properties of the nucleus, including its phase transitions and its rich and unexpected quantal properties. The first article by Fillipone and Ji reviews the present experimental and theoretical situation pertaining to our knowledge of the origin of the spin of the nucleon. Until about 20 years ago the half-integral spin of the neutron and p- ton was regarded as their intrinsic property as Dirac particles which were the basic building blocks of atomic nuclei. Then, with the advent of the Standard Model and of quarks as the basic building blocks, the substructure of the - cleon became the subject of intense interest. Initial nonrelativistic quark m- els assigned the origin of nucleon spin to the fundamental half-integral spin of its three constituent quarks, leaving no room for contributions to the spin from the gluons associated with the interacting quarks or from the orbital angular momentum of either gluons or quarks. That naive understanding was shaken, about fifteen years ago, by experiments involving deep-inelastic scattering of electrons or muons from nucleons.

Table of Contents

• 1. The Spin Structure of the Nucleon
• B.W. Filippone, X. Ji. 2. Liquid-Gas Phase Transition in Nuclear Multifragmentation
• S. Das Gupta, et al. 3. High Spin Properties of Atomic Nuclei
• D. Ward, P. Fallon. 4. The Deuteron: Structure and Form Factors
• M. Garcon, J.W. Van Orden. Index.

Volume

v. 27 ISBN 9780306477089

Description

This volume contains two major articles, one providing a historical retrosp- tive of one of the great triumphs of nuclear physics in the twentieth century and the other providing a didactic introduction to one of the quantitative tools for understanding strong interactions in the twenty-first century. The article by Igal Talmi on "Fifty Years of the Shell Model - the Quest for the Effective Interaction", pertains to a model that has dominated nuclear physics since its infancy and that developed with astonishing results over the next five decades. Talmi is uniquely positioned to trace the history of the Shell Model. He was active in developing the ideas at the shell model's inception, he has been central in most of the subsequent initiatives which expanded, cl- ified and applied the shell model and he has remained active in the field to the present time. Wisely, he has chosen to restrict his review to the domin- ing issue: the choice of the effective interactions among valence nucleons that determine the properties of low lying nuclear energy levels. The treatment of the subject is both bold and novel for our series. The ideas pertaining to the effective interaction for the shell model are elucidated in a historical sequence.

Table of Contents

• 1: Fifty Years of the Shell Model - The Quest for the Effective Interaction
• I. Talmi. 1. Introduction. 2. The (Re)Emergence of the Shell Model. 3. Early Calculations. 4. Effective Interactions from Experimental Nuclear Energies. 5. Some Schematic Interactions and Applications. 6. Seniority and Generalized Seniority in Semi-Magic Nuclei. 7. Large-Scale Shell Model Calculations. 8. What Have We Learned? Where Do We Stand? References. 2: Introduction to Chiral Perturbation Theory
• S. Scherer. 1. Introduction. 2. QCD and Chiral Symmetry. 3. Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and the Goldstone Theorem. 4. Chiral Perturbation Theory for Mesons. 5. Chiral Perturbation Theory for Baryons. 6. Summary and Concluding Remarks. Appendix: A.1. Green Functions and Ward Identities. A.2. Dimensional Regularization: Basics. A.3. Loop Integrals. A.4. Different Forms of L4 in SU(2) x SU(2). References. Index.

by "Nielsen BookData"

Details

• NCID: BA00044611
• ISBN:
  • 030639104X
  • 0306391058
  • 0306391066
  • 0306391074
  • 0306391082
  • 0306391090
  • 0306391104
  • 0306401118
  • 0306407086
  • 0306413132
  • 0306415240
  • 0306418649
  • 0306419971
  • 0306423332
  • 0306427001
  • 0306430460
  • 0306438615
  • 0306445484
  • 0306451573
  • 0306452200
  • 0306457571
  • 0306464403
  • 0306466856
  • 0306477084
• LCCN: 67029001
• Country Code: us
• Title Language Code: eng
• Text Language Code: eng
• Place of Publication: New York,New York
• Pages/Volumes: 27 v.
• Size: 24 cm
• Classification:
  • LCC : QC173.A2545
  • DC19 : 539.7/05
  • NDC7 : 429.5
• Subject Headings:
  • LCSH : Nuclear physics - Period