Geophysik Geophysics

著者

• Flügge, Siegfried
• Bartels, Julius
• Rawer, K. (Karl)
• Alʹpert, I︠A︡. L. (I︠A︡kov Lʹvovich)
• Nikol'skji, G. M.
• Schmidtke, G.
• Suchy, Kurt

書誌事項

Geophysik = Geophysics

（Handbuch der Physik / herausgegeben von S. Flügge = Encyclopedia of physics / editor in chief, S. Flügge, Bd. 47-49）

Springer-Verlag, 1956-1984

• 1
• 2
• 3, T. 1
• 3, T. 2
• 3, T. 3
• 3, T. 4
• 3, T. 5
• 3, T. 6 : gw
• 3, T. 6 : us
• 3, T. 7

注記

Bd. 47-49, T. 1-2 / Redaktion, J. Bartels.--Bd. 49, T. 3-4 / Bandherausgeber, K. Rawer.--Bd. 49, T. 5 / von Ja. L. Al'pert ... [et al.] ; Bandherausgeber, K. Rawer.--Bd. 49, T. 6 / von G.M. Nikol'skji ... [et al.] ; Bandherausgeber, K. Rawer.--Bd. 49, T. 7 / von G. Schmidtke, K. Suchy, K. Rawer

Includes indexes

内容説明・目次

巻冊次

3, T. 1 ISBN 9783540035497

内容説明

0 apparent decrease from the 56 - 58 zone to the 58 -60 zone is due to the lack of data in that region. The lower diagrams seem to indicate that the number of auroras seen in the northermost region (58 -60 ) varies relatively little throughout the year, but at lower latitudes during equinoctial periods the belt in which overhead auroras are seen becomes, on the average, broad. Such a study must be supplemented in the future, particularly in the regions to the north of gm lat. 58 , by all-sky camera data. d) Sunspot cycle. It has long been suggested that the main belt of auroras contracts during periods of low sunspot number; and conversely, at times of large sunspot number, the radius of the main belt is enlarged, moving towards lower gm latitudes. Observing auroras at a station to the south of the (northern) auroral zone, the appearance frequency of auroras increases with increase of the sunspot number (d. MEINEL, NEGAARD and CHAMBERLAIN 1954 [50J; see also Sect. 32a and Fig. 51). However, no detailed study of the sunspot cycle variation of the auroral distribution has yet been made in any systematic way. It is expected that iso- auroral diagrams will be constructed from data obtained during the I QSY, which will enable us to compare them with the IGY isoauroral diagrams, such as that produced by FELDSTEIN and SOLOMATINA (1960 [18J). SO far, the information available on this subject is fragmentary.

目次

The Aurora.- I. The geographical distribution of the aurora.- II. The auroral forms.- A. The bands.- B. The surfaces.- III. The development of auroral displays.- A. The typical displays seen at a single station.- B. Dynamics of the auroral displays.- C. Typical displays on a continental and on a planetary scale.- IV. The auroras and magnetic storms.- V. Radio studies of the aurora.- VI. Auroral particles and the radiation belts.- A. Motions of charged particles in a dipole field.- B. Balloon observations of auroral particles.- C. Rocket observations of auroral particles.- D. Satellite observations of auroral particles.- VII. The auroral spectrum.- A. Description and analysis of the auroral spectrum.- B. The production of the auroral spectrum.- C. Special types of aurora.- D. Upper atmospheric temperatures inferred from auroral spectra.- VIII. Theories of the aurora.- A. Historical reviews.- B. The geomagnetic field bounded by the solar plasma.- C. The ring current.- D. The formulation of the problem.- E. Present theories of the aurora.- References.- Time-Variations of Cosmic Rays.- First part: Results up to the International Geophysical Year.- A. Methods of observation.- B. Atmospheric effects.- I. Barometer effects.- II. ?-Meson decay effects and seasonal variations.- C. Diurnal variations.- I. Solar diurnal variations.- II. Sidereal diurnal variation.- D. World-wide variations.- I. Variations associated with magnetic storms.- II. Geomagnetic activity effects.- III. Variation with sunspot cycle.- IV. 27-day variations.- E. Solar flare effects.- I. Large increases of cosmic-ray intensity associated with solar flares.- II. Expected geographical distribution of solar-flare increases if these come from the sun.- F. Summary of results up to the Geophysical Year.- Second part: Results obtained in the International Geophysical Year and afterwards.- G. Solar cycle variations.- I. Results from ionization chambers and neutron monitors.- II. Results from high altitude observations.- H. Forbush decreases.- I. Results from continuous monitors.- II. Results from satellites and space probes.- I. Solar flare effects.- I. Results from ground level monitors.- II. Results from other methods of detection.- References.- Magnetic Properties of Rocks and Minerals.- I. Magnetism of rock-forming minerals.- II. Magnetic properties of assemblage of small grains of ferrimagnetic minerals.- III. Remanent magnetism of rocks.- References.- Sachverzeichnis (Deutsch-Englisch).- Subject-Index (English-German).

巻冊次

3, T. 2 ISBN 9783540038566

目次

Radio-Observations of the Ionosphere.- A. Theory of wave propagation.- I. Conductivity tensor.- II. Basic equations for geometric optics.- III. Polarization and refractive index.- IV. Group propagation and refraction.- V. Wave optics.- B. Sounding technique.- I. Transmitting.- II. Receiving.- III. Other techniques.- C. Interpretation and reduction.- I. Routine analysis.- II. Height distribution of electron density.- III. Special measurements.- D. Sounding results.- I. General remarks.- II. Normal (thick) layers.- III. Sporadic (thin) layers.- IV. Disturbed conditions.- E. Other investigations from ground.- I. Special absorption measurements.- II. Irregularities and drifts.- F. Space research and terrestrial ionosphere.- I. Phase methods.- II. Other methods and results.- General references.- Append.- Systems of units for electromagnetic quantities.- List of symbols.- Lunar Tides in the Ionosphere.- A. Introduction.- B. Observations of lunar variations in the ionosphere.- I. Lunar tide analysis of ionospheric data obtained with vertical incidence ionosondes.- II. Observations of tidal wind in the ionosphere by radio methods.- C. Theory of lunar variations in the ionosphere.- I. Lunar tidal variations in the surface atmosphere.- II. Lunar tidal winds and electric fields in the upper atmosphere deduced from geomagnetic lunar variations.- III. Cause of lunar variations in the ionosphere.- D. Conclusion.- E. Supplement.- References.- Sachverzeichnis (Deutsch-Englisch).- Subject Index (English-German).

巻冊次

3, T. 3 ISBN 9783540055709

内容説明

Sect. 14. 297 for such slow variations the effect described under 2. above will be by far the most predominant. In fact, the equipment provides a record of the time derivative of the element in question. 6) Records of the time derivatives of magnetic elements can, however, be obtained in a more direct way by recording directly the electromotive force (e. m. f. ) induced in suitably disposed coils by the variations of the geomagnetic field 10, 11. When a coil with the total winding area F is placed with its axis in the direction of a geomagnetic force component the variation of magnetic induction B with time will produce an electromotive force 1 dB 1 dH e=- coveu,uuFdT=- 'oV~,uQf1oFdT (i). )) . !. . =_to-13~ d(B/y) (1). )a) v em! d(tjs) in the coil. The e. mJ. may be amplified and recorded by means of an oscillograph or on a tape recorder. but more often the coil is used in connection with an ordinary galvanometer and the scale value of, for instance the dl1/dt record, will then - in the same way as the scale value of the magnet variometer treated in Subsect. IX - be dependent on the damping factor IX and on TO/T, where To and T are the oscillation periods for the undamped galvanometer and for the magnetic pulsation respectively. The amplitude recorded will be proportional to the amplification factor I, obtained from Eq. (1).

目次

Introductory Remarks.- Morphology of Magnetic Disturbance.- A. General introduction.- B. Normal geomagnetic variation free from disturbance.- C. Characterization of magnetic disturbance.- D. Gross characteristics of geomagnetic disturbance over the world.- E. Sudden commencement of magnetic storms.- F. Average storm-time variation and disturbance-daily variation of geomagnetic field.- G. Development and decay of magnetic storms.- H. Instantaneous and average disturbance field.- I. Geomagnetic bays and other worldwide disturbances of short duration.- J. Geomagnetic pulsations.- K. Inter-relation among geomagnetic disturbance and associated phenomena, and outline of theoretical interpretation.- General references.- Theoretical Aspects of the Worldwide Magnetic Storm Phenomenon.- A. Introduction.- B. The space environment of Earth.- I. General description.- II. Processes and problems.- C. The geomagnetic storm.- D. Confinement and compression of the geomagnetic field.- E. Inflation of the geomagnetic field.- F. Historical development.- General references.- Masszahlen der erdmagnetischen Aktivitat.- A. Einleitung.- B. Die Bartelssche Kennziffer K und daraus abgeleitete Masszahlen.- I. Uberblick und Grundlagen.- II. Definition und praktische Bedeutung der aus K abgeleiteten lokalen und planetarischen Masszahlen.- C. Andere Aktivitatsmasse.- D. Statistische Aussagen der Masszahlen uber Gesetzmassigkeiten im Auftreten erdmagnetischer Aktivitat und deren Ursache.- Literatur.- Classical Methods of Geomagnetic Observations.- A. Geomagnetic observatories and the recording of variations in the geomagnetic elements.- B. Direct determination of the geomagnetic elements.- General references.- Neuere Messmethoden der Geomagnetik.- A. Komponentenmessung mit Hilfe von Stabmagneten als Messelemente in Verbindung mit elektronischen Anzeige- und Regelorganen.- I. Kompensierende Magnetometer.- II. Andere Verfahren.- B. Komponentenmessung mit Hilfe von Induktivitaten.- I. Induktionsspulen als Messelement.- II. Mit magnetischen Wechselfeldern ausgesteuerte hochpermeable Kerne als Messelemente.- C. Atomphysikalische Feld-Messmethoden.- I. Kernprazessionsmagnetometer zur Bestimmung der Totalintensitat.- II. Magnetometer mit optisch gepumpten Gasen und Dampfen zur Bestimmung der Totalintensitat.- III. Komponentenmessung mit Totalintensitats-Magnetometern.- IV. Andere Methoden.- D. Informationsverarbeitung im Geomagnetismus.- Three-Component Airborne Magnetometers.- Aeromagnetic Surveying with the Fluxgate Magnetometer.- I. Fluxgate magnetometers.- a) Basic fluxgate magnetometer.- b) Special modifications.- c) Associated equipment.- II. Field survey technique.- a) Operation of airborne magnetometers.- b) Compilation of field data.- c) Interpretation of results.- III. Discussion of advantages and limitations.- Geophysical Applications of High Resolution Magnetometers.- Abstract.- A. Nuclear magnetometers.- B. Ground applications of optical absorption magnetometers.- C. Airborne and satellite applications of optical absorption magnetometers.- Phenomenes T.B.F. d'origine magnetospherique.- Bibliographie.- Sachverzeichnis (Deutsch-Englisch).- Subject Index (English-German).- Index (Francais).

巻冊次

3, T. 4 ISBN 9783540055839

内容説明

Sect. 14. 297 for such slow variations the effect described under 2. above will be by far the most predominant. In fact, the equipment provides a record of the time derivative of the element in question. 6) Records of the time derivatives of magnetic elements can, however, be obtained in a more direct way by recording directly the electromotive force (e. m. f. ) induced in suitably disposed coils by the variations of the geomagnetic field 10, 11. When a coil with the total winding area F is placed with its axis in the direction of a geomagnetic force component the variation of magnetic induction B with time will produce an electromotive force 1 dB 1 dH e=- coveu, uuFdT=- 'oV, uQf1oFdT (i). )) . !. . =_to-13 d(B/y) (1). )a) v em! d(tjs) in the coil. The e. mJ. may be amplified and recorded by means of an oscillograph or on a tape recorder. but more often the coil is used in connection with an ordinary galvanometer and the scale value of, for instance the dl1/dt record, will then - in the same way as the scale value of the magnet variometer treated in Subsect. IX - be dependent on the damping factor IX and on TO/T, where To and T are the oscillation periods for the undamped galvanometer and for the magnetic pulsation respectively. The amplitude recorded will be proportional to the amplification factor I, obtained from Eq. (1).

巻冊次

3, T. 6 : gw ISBN 9783540070801

内容説明

83 input to the ions is balanced by a cooling to atomic oxygen, the major neutral constituent, and measurements of the difference between ion and neutral tem- perature permit the determination of atomic oxygen concentrations. Using this approach, ALCA YDE et al. 6 have shown from data taken above Saint Santin, France, that the atomic oxygen concentration at 200 km is slightly larger in winter than summer. () The molecular concentrations at heights near 200 km can also be derived from a determination of the ratio of the molecular-ion concentration to elec- tron concentration, p (Cox and EVANS 7). It can be shown from the steady- state form of the continuity equation for 0+ ions that (20.2) where Q(O+) represents the photoionization coefficient of oxygen atoms, and k and k19 represent the rate coefficients of reactions between 0+ ions and 1S molecular nitrogen Illld oxygen (reactions (12.18) and (12.19)). Then the ratio of atomic oxygen to weighted molecular sum is given by: (l-p)Ne [OJ (20.3) Q(O+) , [kMJ where Ne represents the electron concentration.

目次

: A Summary Description of Aeronomy.- The Neutral and Ion Chemistry of the Upper Atmosphere.- A. Neutral and ionized atmospheric structure and composition.- B. Interactions of solar radiations with atmospheric gases.- C. Collision processes and chemical reactions.- D. Laboratory measurements of relevant rate coefficients.- E. Experimental methods for measurement of neutral and ion composition.- F. Aeronomical models of neutral composition.- G. Aeronomical models of ion composition.- I. Characteristics of ionospheric regions.- II. The ion chemistry of the D region.- III. The ion chemistry of the E region.- IV. The ion chemistry of the F region.- H. The production of excited species and their roles in atmospheric and ionospheric processes.- General references.- Diffusion in the High Atmosphere.- I. Introduction and the general theory of diffusion.- II. Diffusive equilibrium, mixing, and turbulence in the high atmosphere.- III. Vertical distributions of molecular and atomic oxygen.- IV. Ambipolar diffusion including the formation of the F2-layer.- V. Vertical distributions of minor constituents in the high atmosphere.- General references.- Interaction of Neutral and Plasma Motions in the Ionosphere.- A. Introduction.- B. Fundamental equations.- I. Equation of motion for the neutral gas.- II. Auxiliary transport equations for wind calculations.- III. Applicability of the transport equations in the upper atmosphere.- C. Calculation of wind velocities.- I. Methods of calculating wind velocities.- II. Characteristics of calculated wind velocities.- D. Observed wind velocities.- E. Effects of winds on the ionosphere.- I. Direct effects.- II. Indirect effects.- F. Effects of plasma motions on the neutral wind.- G. Conclusion.- List of main symbols.- General references.- Extreme Ultraviolet Observational Data on the Solar Spectrum.- I. Spectral observations.- II XUV solar images.- III. Observation of x-ray solar radiation over wide spectral ranges.- IV. Identification and prediction of extreme ultraviolet lines.- V. Chemical composition of the solar atmosphere derived from EUV data.- General references.

巻冊次

3, T. 5 ISBN 9783540075127

内容説明

7 Fig. 3. Photographie de la lueur nocturne it I'horizon, obtenue it bord d'une fusee Aerobee it 184 km d'altitude Ie ler (l

目次

• Introductory Remarks.- La luminescence nocturne. (The Nightglow.).- A. Luminance du ciel nocturne.- B. Couleur de 1a luminescence nocturne.- C. Etude spectrale.- D. Polarisation de 1a lumiere du ciel nocturne.- E. Variations dans le temps de la luminescence nocturne.- F. Variations dans l'espace
• altitude des couches emissives.- G. Correlations avec d'autres phenomenes.- H. Origines de la lumiere du ciel nocturne.- J. Applications a la connaissance de la haute atmosphere.- K. Lueur crepusculaire et diurne.- Annexe: Valeurs de sec ?.- Bibliographie.- Dynamic Structure of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere.- A. Introduction.- B. Structure.- I. Ozonospheric structure.- II. Detailed structure.- III. General thermal structure.- C. Motions.- I. The stratospheric circulation.- II. Stratopause thermal tides.- III. Upper atmospheric clouds.- D. Other features.- I. Atmospheric acoustical structure.- II. Electrical structure.- E. Summary.- General references.- Linear Internal Gravity Waves in the Atmosphere.- A. The linear wave equations in an atmosphere at rest.- I. General considerations.- II. Approximations in the horizontal wave equation.- III. Approximations in the vertical wave equation.- B. The isothermal atmosphere.- I. Generalities.- II. Limiting characteristics of waves.- III. Special modes.- C. Internal gravity waves in fluids with mean flow.- D. Approximate techniques for solving the wave equations.- E. Wave reflection and ducting.- F. The generation and dissipation of waves.- G. Linear theory of mountain waves.- H. Wave energy and momentum.- General references.- Wave-Like Phenomena in the Near-Earth Plasma and Interactions with Man-Made Bodies.- A. Properties and parameters of the near-Earth and interplanetary plasma. Basic equations.- B. Flow around solid bodies moving in a plasma.- I. Disturbed conditions in the vicinity of moving bodies.- II. Electric fields in the disturbed vicinity.- III. Scattering of radio waves from the trail of a rapidly moving body.- IV. Remarks concerning the excitation of waves and the instability of the plasma around a rapidly moving body.- C. Waves and oscillations in the near-Earth plasma and in the ionosphere.- I. Investigations of ELF waves.- II. Investigations of VLF waves.- III. Investigations of LF waves.- IV. Investigations of HF waves.- Notations and symbols.- General references.- Some Characteristic Features of the Ionospheres of Near-Earth Planets.- 1. Introduction.- I. Methods for investigating planetary ionospheres by means of spacecraft.- 2. General characteristics.- 3. Charged-particle traps.- 4. Radio methods.- 5. Analysis of radio data.- 6. Difficulties and limitations of the different methods.- II. Experimental results of the exploration of the ionospheres of Mars and Venus.- 7. The ionosphere of Mars.- 8. The ionosphere of Venus.- 9. Comparison of electron density and temperature profiles in the Martian, terrestrial and Venusian ionospheres.- III. Models of the Martian and Venusian ionospheres.- 10. Generalities: the influence of neutral composition.- 11. Problems involving the range near the main peak of the profile.- 12. The upper ionosphere of Venus.- 13. The upper ionosphere of Mars.- Conclusions.- General references.- Sachverzeichnis (Deutsch-Englisch).- Subject Index (English-German).- Index (Francais-Allemand).

巻冊次

3, T. 7 ISBN 9783540114253

内容説明

This Encyclopedia aims, basically, at summanzmg the wealth of well- established facts and outlining the relevant theories in the different branches of physics. With this as goal, the writers were asked to present their specific field in such a way that access is possible to any scientist without special a priori information in that field; the basic concepts of physics are assumed to be known to the reader. The survey given in each paper was also to be long- lasting, so that even a few years after publication, each volume would be useful, for example as an introduction for newcomers or as a source of information for workers in a neighbouring field. In the field of geophysics, dealt with in Vols. 47--49 of the Encyclopedia, this task is difficult to achieve because during the last decades there has been a much faster development of basic information and theory than during the decades before. When I came to contribute to this work the famous Julius Bartels, then editor of the geophysical part, told me that Vol. 49 should certainly take into account the results of the "International Geophysical Year" 1957/58 (I. G. Y. ), and that we had better wait until these were accessible than produce a kind of information which might be obsolete in a short time.

目次

Modelling of the Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Irradiance for Aeronomic Applications..- I. Temporal variations of the solar irradiance.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Solar EUV measurements aeronomic interest.- II. Representation and estimation of solar EUV fluxes.- 3. Representation of solar EUV fluxes.- 4. Estimation of the solar EUV fluxes from ground-based measurements.- 5. EUV fluxes as solar indices.- III. Aeronomical implications of the solar EUV radiation.- 6. Computation of ionospheric parameters.- 7. Atmospheric heating by solar EUV radiation.- Transport Coefficients and Collision Frequencies for Aeronomic Plasmas..- A. Transport coefficients derived with a mean-collision-frequency method.- 1. Momentum and energy flux balance.- 2. Transport equations.- B. Gas kinetic cross sections and collision frequencies.- 3. General methods of the kinetic theory.- I. Transfer cross sections and transfer collision frequencies.- 4. Collision cross sections and collision frequencies.- 5. Quantum corrections to classical transfer cross sections.- 6. Transfer cross sections.- 7. Transfer cross sections for nonmonotonic interaction potentials.- 8. Transfer cross sections for monotonic interactions potentials.- II. Transfer cross sections for particular interactions.- 9. Collisions between charged and neutral particles.- 10. Collisions between electrons and neutral particles. General features.- 11. Collisions between electrons and aeronomic neutrals.- 12. Collisions between charged particles.- 13. Collisions between ions and neutrals. Polarization part.- 14. Collisions between atomic ions and atoms.- 15. Collisions of ions in their parent gas. Charge exchange.- 16. Collisions of ions on their parent gas. Polarization.- 17. Collisions between neutrals.- 18. Analytic expressions and normalizations for transfer cross sections and transfer collision frequencies.- III. Transport collision frequencies and their calculation.- 19. Transport collision frequencies.- 20. Transport collision frequencies for multiparameter interaction potentials.- 21. Numerical and analytical results for transport collision frequencies.- 22. Survey of the methods for the determination of transport collision frequencies.- C. The moment method.- I. System of balance equations for momentum and heat flux.- 23. Momentum and heat flux balances.- 24. Balance equations in matrix notation.- II. Transport equations.- 25. Transport equations in zeroth approximation. Ohm's and Fourier's laws.- 26. Transport equations in first approximation. Thermal diffusion and diffusion thermo effect.- 27. Onsager-Casimir relations. Generalized Bridgman relation.- III. Particular transport coefficients.- 28. Transport coefficients for charged particles and for electrons alone.- 29. Electrical and heat conductivity for an electron plasma.- 30. Thermal diffusion tensor and Peltier tensor for an electron plasma.- D. The Lorentz method.- 31. Representation of transport coefficients.- 32. Eigenvalues of the transport tensors expressed by Dingle integrals.- 33. Binomial approximations of the transport eigenvalues.- 34. The Ginzburg-Gurevic representation of transport eigenvalues.- 35. The Shkarofsky representation of transport eigenvalues.- 36. Some applications and extensions.- Append.- A. Axial tensors and axial matrix tensors.- B. Some definite integrals and special functions.- C. Conversion of units.- General references.- Modelling of Neutral and Ionized Atmospheres..- 1. Fundamental relations.- A. Measurements.- 2. Air density determinations from satellite drag.- 3. In-situ composition measurements.- 4. Other measurements of neutral atmosphere parameters.- 5. Incoherent scatter sounding.- 6. Optical methods of observation.- B. Results.- 7. Temperature in the upper atmosphere.- 8. Atmospheric structure and transport.- 9. Composition.- C. Empirical (descriptive) modeling.- 10. International reference atmospheres.- 11. Computerized descriptive models of the neutral atmosphere.- 12. Intercomparison of different atmospheric models.- D. Empirical modelling of the ionosphere.- 13. Modelling vertical profiles.- 14. Worldwide aspect of the ionosphere.- E. Aeronomical modeling.- 15. Kinematic models.- 16. Thermospheric heat budget.- 17. Advanced aeronomical theory.- 18. The polar caps: coupling with the magnetosphere.- Appendix A: The Role of Photoelectrons in the Heat Balance of the Upper Atmosphere.- General references.- Errata to Volumes XLIX/3-6.

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詳細情報

• NII書誌ID(NCID): BA03978814
• ISBN:
  • 3540035494
  • 3540038566
  • 3540055703
  • 3540055835
  • 3540075127
  • 354007080X
  • 038707080X
  • 3540114254
• LCCN: 56002942
• 出版国コード: gw
• タイトル言語コード: ger
• 本文言語コード: ger
• 出版地: Berlin ; Tokyo
• ページ数/冊数: 9 v.
• 大きさ: 26 cm
• 分類:
  • NDLC : MC2
  • LCC : QC21
• 件名:
  • LCSH : Geophysics
• 親書誌ID:
  • BA01178908