Teaching by principles : an interactive approach to language pedagogy
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書誌事項
Teaching by principles : an interactive approach to language pedagogy
Longman, c2001
2nd ed
- : pbk
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注記
Includes bibliographical references (p. 449-465) and indexes
内容説明・目次
内容説明
Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy by H. Douglas Brown is a widely acclaimed methodology text used in teacher education programs around the world. This user-friendly textbook offers a comprehensive survey of practical language teaching options, all firmly anchored in accepted principles of language learning and teaching. End-of-chapter exercises give readers opportunities to process material interactively. Suggested readings direct readers to important books and articles in the field. This second edition of Teaching by Principles features information about such current topics as strategies-based instruction, form-focused instruction, and critical pedagogy and social responsibility; a completely revised section on language assessment; and expanded references.
目次
Preface
PART I. FOUNDATIONS FOR CLASSROOM PRACTICE
Chapter 1 Getting Started
A Classroom Observation
Beneath the Lesson
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Chapter 2 A "Methodical" History of Language Teaching
Approach, Method, and Technique
Changing Winds and Shifting Sands
The Grammar Translation Method
Gouin and the Series Method
The Direct Method
The Audiolingual Method
Cognitive Code Learning
"Designer" Methods of the Spirited Seventies
Community Language Learning
Suggestopedia
The Silent Way
Total Physical Response
The Natural Approach
Beyond Method: Notional-Functional Syllabuses
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Chapter 3 The Present: An Informed "Approach"
An Enlightened, Eclectic Approach
Communicative Language Teaching
Learner-Centered Instruction
Cooperative and Collaborative Learning
Interactive Learning
Whole Language Education
Content-Based Instruction
Task-Based Instruction
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Chapter 4 Teaching by Principles
Cognitive Principles
Automaticity
Meaningful Learning
The Anticipation of Reward
Intrinsic Motivation
Strategic Investment
Affective Principles
Language Ego
Self-Confidence
Risk-Taking
The Language-Culture Connection
Linguistic Principles
The Native Language Effect
Interlanguage
Communicative Competence
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Chapter 5 Intrinsic Motivation in the Classroom
Defining Motivation
A Behavioristic Definition
Cognitive Definitions
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation in Education
Intrinsic Motivation in the Second Language Classroom
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
PART II. CONTEXTS OF TEACHING
Chapter 6 Learner Variables I: Teaching Across Age Levels
Teaching Children
Intellectual Development
Attention Span
Sensory Input
Affective Factors
Authentic, Meaningful Language
Teaching Adults
Teaching Teens
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Chapter 7 Learner Variables II: Teaching Across Proficiency Levels
Defining Proficiency Levels
Teaching Beginning Levels
Teaching Intermediate Levels
Teaching Advanced Levels
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Chapter 8 Sociopolitical and Institutional Contexts
Sociopolitical Contexts
Second and Foreign Language Contexts
English as an International Language
Language Policy Issues
Institutional Contexts
Elementary and Secondary Schools
Institutions of Higher Education
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
PART III. DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING CLASSROOM LESSONS
Chapter 9 Techniques, Textbooks, and Technology
Techniques Redefined
Categorizing Techniques: A Bit of History
A Taxonomy of Techniques
Textbooks
Other Written Texts
Technology in the Language Classroom
Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL)
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Chapter 10 How to Plan a Lesson
Format of a Lesson Plan
Guidelines for Lesson Planning
Sample Lesson Plan
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Chapter 11 Interactive Language Teaching I: Initiating Interaction
What Is Interaction?
Interactive Principles
Roles of the Interactive Teacher
Foreign Language Interaction Analysis
Questioning Strategies for Interactive Learning
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Chapter 12 Interactive Language Teaching II: Sustaining Interaction through Group Work
Advantages of Group Work
Excuses for Avoiding Group Work
Implementing Group Work in Your Classroom
Selecting Appropriate Group Techniques
Planning Group Work
Monitoring the Task
Debriefing
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Chapter 13 Classroom Management
The Physical Environment of the Classroom
Your Voice and Body Language
Unplanned Teaching: Midstream Lesson Changes
Teaching Under Averse Circumstances
Teachers' Roles and Styles
Creating a Positive Classroom Climate
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Chapter 14 Strategies-Based Instruction
Strategic Investment
Good Language Learners
Styles of Successful Language Learning
Developing Student Self0awareness of Styles
How to Teach Strategies in the Classroom
"Packaged" Models of SBI
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
PART IV. TEACHING LANGUAGE SKILLS
Chapter 15 Integrating the "Four Skills"
Why Integration?
Content-Based Instruction
Theme-Based Instruction
Experiential Learning
The Episode Hypothesis
Task-Based Teaching
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Chapter 16 Teaching Listening
Listening Comprehension in Pedagogical Research
An Interactive Model of Listening Comprehension
Types of Spoken Language
What Makes Listening Difficult?
Microskills of Listening Comprehension
Types of Classroom Listening Performance
Principles for Designing Listening Techniques
Listening Techniques from the Beginning to Advanced
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Chapter 17 Teaching Speaking
Oral Communication Skills in Pedagogical Research
Types of Spoken Language
What Makes Speaking Difficult?
Microskills of Oral Communication
Types of Classroom Speaking Performance
Principles for Designing Speaking Techniques
Teaching Conversation
Teaching Pronunciation
A Model for Correction of Speech Errors
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Chapter 18 Teaching Reading
Research on Reading a Second Language
Types of Written Language
Characteristics of Written Language
Microskills for Reading Comprehension
Strategies for Reading Comprehension
Types of Classroom Reading Performance
Principles of Designing Interactive Reading Techniques
Two Reading Lessons
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Chapter 19 Teaching Writing
Research on Second Language Writing
Types of Written Language
Characteristics of Written Language: A Writer's View
Microskills for Writing
Types of Classroom Writing Performance
Principles for Designing Writing Techniques
Evaluating Student Writing
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Chapter 20 Form-Focused Instruction
The Place of Grammar
To Teach or Not to Teach Grammar
Issues About How to Teach Grammar
Grammar Techniques
Grammar Sequencing in Textbooks and Curricula
A "Word" About Vocabulary Teaching
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
PART V. ASSESSING LANGUAGE SKILLS
Chapter 21 Language Assessment I: Basic Concepts in Test Development
What Is a Test?
Practicality
Reliability
Validity
Content Validity
Face Validity
Construct Validity
Kinds of Tests
Historical Developments in Language Testing
Large-Scale Language Proficiency Testing
Oral Proficiency Testing
Critical Language Testing: Ethical Issues
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Chapter 22 Language Assessment II: Practical Classroom Applications
Assessing, Testing, and Teaching
Recent Developments in Language Testing
Principles for Designing Effective Classroom Tests
Some Practical Steps to Test Construction
Alternative Assessment Options
Self- and Peer-Assessments
Journals
Conferences
Portfolios
Cooperative Test Construction
Assessment and Teaching: partners in the Learning Process
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
PART VI. LIFELONG LEARNING
Chapter 23 Continuing Your Teacher Education
Peak Performance
The "Good" Language Teacher
Classroom Observation
Classroom Research
Teacher Collaboration: Learning from Each Other
Critical Pedagogy
Agents for Change
Topics for Discussion, Action, and Research
For Your Further Reading
Bibliography
Name Index
Subject Index
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