Evolutionary biology

Author(s)

• Prance, Ghillean T.
• Hecht, Max K.
• Wallace, Bruce
• Dobzhansky, Theodosius Grigorievich
• Steere, William Campbell
• MacIntyre, Ross J.
• Clegg, Michael T.

Bibliographic Information

Evolutionary biology

editors: Theodosius Dobzhansky, Max K. Hecht, William C. Steere

Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1967-

• v. 1
• v. 2
• v. 3
• v. 4
• v. 5
• v. 6
• v. 7
• v. 8
• v. 9
• v. 10
• v. 11
• v. 12
• v. 13
• v. 14
• v. 15
• v. 16
• v. 17
• v. 18
• v. 19
• v. 20
• v. 21
• v. 22
• v. 23
• v. 24
• v. 25
• v. 26
• v. 27
• v. 28
• v. 29
• v. 30
• v. 31
• v. 33

Note

Editors varies: v. 9-13 : Max K. Hecht, William C. Steere and Bruce Wallace; v. 14-22 : Max K. Hecht, Bruce Wallace and Ghillean T. Prance; v. 23 : Max K. Hecht and Bruce Wallace; v. 24-26 : Max K. Hecht, Bruce Wallace and Ross J. Macintyre; v. 27- : Max K. Hecht, Ross J. Macintyre and Michael T. Clegg

Publishers varies: v. 2-3 : Amsterdam : North Holland Publishing ; sole distributors for U.S.A. and Canada : Appleton-Century-Crofts; v. 7- : New York : Plenum Press; v. 31- : New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers

Includes bibliographical references and index

Description and Table of Contents

Volume

v. 15 ISBN 9780306410420

Description

Fifteen volumes and one supplement have now appeared in the series known as Evolutionary Biology. The editors continue to seek critical reviews, original papers, and commentaries on controversial topics. It is our aim to publish papers primarily of greater length and depth than those normally published by society journals and quarterlies. The editors make every attempt to solicit manuscripts on an international scale and to see that no facet of evolutionary biology-classical or modern-is slighted. Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K. Hecht, Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367; Bruce Wallace, Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061; Ghillean T. Prance, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458. The Editors vII Contents 1. Patterns of Neotropical Plant Species Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Alwyn H. Gentry Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Sites and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Sample Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Identifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Structural Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Community Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Floristic Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Dispersal Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Pollination Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Appendix. Sites and Communities Studied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 2. Evolution on a Petri Dish: The Evolved fJ-Galactosidase System as a Model for Studying Acquisitive Evolution in the Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Barry G. Hall Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Approaches to Molecular Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 The Descriptive Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 The Experimental Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Mechanisms for the Acquisition of New Genetic Material. . . . . 97 The EBG System a s a Model for Acquisitive Evolution . . . . . . . 98 The Unevolved Enzyme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

Volume

v. 20 ISBN 9780306422539

Table of Contents

1. William Campbell Steere: An Outline of His Life and Continuing Career.- Bibliography of Publications of William Campbell Steere.- 2. Biochemical Systematics: II. A Reprise.- Micromolecules.- Flavonoids.- Terpenoids.- Alkaloids.- Other Micromolecules of Chemosystematic Interest.- Micromolecules of Specific Plant Groups.- Lichens.- New Approaches in Micromolecular Chemosystematics.- C4 Metabolism.- Paleobiochemistry.- Micromolecules: Biological and Evolutionary Considerations.- Macromolecules.- Electrophoresis.- Amino Acid Sequences.- Serology.- Nucleic Acids.- Conclusions and Future Prospects.- Micromolecules.- Macromolecules.- References.- 3. Species Selection As a Causal Process.- Differential Rates of Extinction.- Differential Rates of Speciation: General Problems.- Differential Rates of Speciation: A Case for Reducibility.- Differential Rates of Speciation: A Case for Irreducibility Speciation via the Founder Principle.- Discussion.- Possible Examples of Species Selection: Hawaiian Drosophilidae.- Possible Examples of Species Selection: Tertiary Neogastropoda.- The Snail Example: Another Viewpoint.- Species Selection and Randomness.- Species Selection and Punctuated Equilibria.- Conclusions.- References.- Species Selection As a Causal Process: A Reply.- References.- 4. Species Are Individuals: A Review and Critique of the Argument.- Introduction: What Is an Individual?.- Heraclitus' Paradox.- The Organism As Paradigm.- The Firm As Paradigm.- Hydra As Paradigm.- Definitions, Words, and Things.- The Biological Species Concept.- Objectification of Species As Closed Systems.- Objectification of Species As Open Systems.- Pattern and Process: Complementary Views of Nature.- References.- 5. A Morphogenetic Approach to the Origin and Basic Organization of the Tetrapod Limb.- Morphogenesis and Homology: The Pattern of the Tetrapod Limb.- Invariance and Homology: The Pattern of the Tetrapod Limb.- Morphogenesis and Character Polarity: Von Baerian versus Haeckelian Recapitulation.- Recent Criticisms of Classical Views of Homology and Recapitulation of the Tetrapod Limb.- Developmental Patterns in the Limb Skeleton: Connectivity, Branching, and Segmentation.- to Developmental Bifurcations.- Review of Chondrogenesis.- Limb Patterning Viewed As a Hierarchical Sequence of "Branching" Events.- Branching, Segmentation, and de novo Condensation: Pattern and Process in Limb Development.- Comparative Embryology.- Experimental Embryology.- Evolution Proceeds by Alteration in the Sequence of the Three Basic Morphogenetic Events.- The Ground-Plan of the Tetrapod Limb.- Later Developmental Alterations of the Pattern of Connectivity.- The Metapterygial Axis of the Tetrapod Limb.- Embryonic Connectivity: A Reanalysis of the Metapterygial Axis.- Variance and Invariance in Limb Development.- The Homology of the "Radiale" in Turtles and Mammals.- The Anuran Hindlimb.- Embryonic Connectivity: Causal Mechanism and Homology.- Conclusion: Comparative Morphology and Evolutionary Theory.- Summary.- Appendix: Symbols and Abbreviations.- References.- 6. Developmental Evidence for Amphibian Origins.- Characters.- Block to Polyspermy.- Mesoderm Formation.- Notochord Formation.- Somitogenesis.- Primordial Germ Cells.- Apical Ectodermal Ridge.- Prechondrogenic Limb Condensations and Limb Cartilages.- Discussion.- Prognosis.- References.- 7. The Origin of Amphikinesis in Lizards: A Problem in Functional Morphology and the Evolution of Adaptive Systems.- Kinesis in Eosuchians.- Kinesis in Lizards.- Adaptive Significance of Kinesis.- The Origin of Lizards.- Lizardlike Fossils.- Diagnostic Cranial Features of Lizards.- Evolution and Cranial Function.- Reduction of the Lower Temporal Bar.- Streptostyly and Tongue Extension.- The Attainment of Amphikinesis.- Theoretical Evolutionary Implications.- Summary.- Appendix A.- Appendix B.- Appendix C.- Appendix D.- Appendix E.- References.

Volume

v. 22 ISBN 9780306427428

Description

Evolutionary Biology, of which this is the twenty-second volume, continues to offer its readers a wide range of original articles, reviews, and commentaries on evolution, in the broadest sense of that term. The topics of the reviews range from anthropology, molecular evolution, and paleobiology to principles of systematics. In recent volumes, a broad spectrum of articles have appeared on such subjects as asymmetric sexual isolation, biochemical systematics in plants, species selection, DNA hybridization and phylogenetics, modes of evolution in Pleistocene rodents, and development and evolution of the vertebrate limb. We have also attempted to provide a forum for con- flicting ideas. Articles such as these, often too long for standard journals, are the material for Evolutionary Biology. The editors continue to solicit manuscripts on an international scale in an effort to see that everyone ofthe many facets of biological evolution is covered. Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K. Hecht, Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367; Bruce Wallace, Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacks- burg, Virginia 24061; GhilleanT. Prance, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458. The Editors vii Contents 1. Phylogeny of Early Vertebrate Skeletal Induction and Ossification Patterns ....................................... 1 John G. Maisey Introduction: The Fossil Record.. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 ..

Table of Contents

1. Phylogeny of Early Vertebrate Skeletal Induction and Ossification Patterns.- Introduction: The Fossil Record.- The Vertebrate Skeleton.- The Products of Skeletogenesis.- Sites of Skeletogenesis.- Skeletal Enlargement.- Cartilage.- Bone.- Dentines and Enamel.- Skeletalization versus Calcification.- The Problem of Ontogenetic Similarity.- The Phylogenetic Basis of Investigation.- Findings.- Primitive Vertebrate Hard Tissues.- Early Vertebrate Induction Mechanisms.- Gnathostomes: Variations on a Theme.- Discussion.- Conclusions.- Appendix: Characters Related to Vertebrate Skeletogenesis.- References.- 2. A Review of the Origin of Snakes.- The Paleontological Evidence and Early Theories of Snake Origins.- The Affinities of Snakes.- The Scolecophidian Basicranium.- The Trabeculae Cranii.- The Nasal Capsule.- The Alary Process of the Prootic.- The Metotic Fissure.- The Stapedial Artery.- Adventitious Cartilage.- Epiphyses.- Distally Forked Ribs.- Limb Reduction.- The Constrictor Internus Dorsalis Group.- The Jaw Adductor Musculature.- The Hyobranchium and Throat Musculature.- The Trunk Musculature.- The Brain.- The Retina.- The Inner Ear.- The Nose and Associated Structures.- The Oral Glands.- The Thymus.- The Intestine.- The Pancreas.- The Bile Salts.- The Adrenal.- Cardiac Anatomy.- The Hemipenis.- The Chromosomes.- The Anguimorph Hypothesis.- The "Burrowing Lizards" Hypothesis.- Discussion and Conclusions.- The Classification of Snakes: Basic Divisions.- A Historical Review of Snake Classification.- A Cladogram of Snakes: Basic Divisions.- The Monophyly of the Scolecophidia.- The Monophyly of the Henophidia.- The Monophyly of the Anilioidea.- The Monophyly of the Booidea.- The Monophyly of the Caenophidia.- The Classification of Dinilysia patagonica Woodward.- Summary and Conclusions.- The Ecology of Snake Origins.- New Fossils and New Ideas.- The Hypothesis of a Burrowing Origin of Snakes.- The Ear of Snakes.- The Nose of Snakes.- The Tongue of Snakes.- The Loss of Limbs.- Cranial Kinesis in Burrowing Lizards and the Jaw Mechanics of Snakes.- The Origin of Snakes and the Rise of Mammals.- Miniaturization: A Unifying Concept.- References.- 3. Horses, the Fossil Record, and Evolution: A Current Perspective.- Fossil Horses and Evolutionary Thought.- Origin and Diversification of the Perissodactyla.- Synoptic History of Horses: The First 25 Million Years.- The Miocene: Acme of Horse Evolution.- The Last Eight Million Years of Horse Evolution.- Selected Evolutionary Principles.- Trends.- Modes.- Rates.- Mosaics.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 4. Historical Biogeography of the Drosophila melanogaster Species Subgroup.- Biogeographic and Ecological Evidence.- The Biogeography of the Species.- The Breeding Sites.- Unequivocal versus Equivocal Phylogenetic Relationships.- Paleobiogeographic Inferences.- Dispersal Tracks, Vicariance Biogeography, and the Refuge Theory.- Fragmentation of the African Tropical Forest and the Refuge Theory.- An Ancestor Originating from Asia.- Splitting of the Primeval Trunk into Two Branches.- The Three-Root Stage.- The Drosophila erecta-Drosophila orena Divergence May Have Occurred in the West Cameroon Mountains.- The Refuge Theory Possibly Valid for the Drosophila teissieri-Drosophila yakuba Differentiation.- The 2- to 3-MYA Rift Aridification: A Plausible "Vicariant" Event Resulting in Drosophila melanogaster and the Ancestor of the Three Drosophila simulans-like Species.- Oversea Dispersal, Founder Effect, and Speciation within the Drosophila simulans Lineage without Novel Chromosomal Rearrangements.- Three Drosophila simulans "Races".- Equatorial Africa Is Presumably the Historic Zone of Secondary Contact between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans.- The Northward Migration of Drosophila melanogaster: The Trans-Saharan Route.- The Northward Migration of Drosophila simulans: The Nile Route?.- Concluding Remarks and Summary.- References.- 5. Aposematism and Batesian Mimicry: Measuring Mimetic Advantage in Natural Habitats.- Some Background Information on Aposematism and Mimicry.- Studies with Captive Predators or at Feeding Stations in the Field.- Studies in Natural Habitats.- Protective Coloration Other Than Batesian Mimicry.- Batesian Mimicry: Studies on Trinidad.- A Reinterpretation of the Studies on Trinidad.- Batesian Mimicry: Studies of the Pipe Vine Swallowtail Complex in North America.- Discussion.- Future Research.- Summary.- References.- 6. Body Size, Ecological Constraints, and the Evolution of Life-History Strategies.- Body Size As a Central Feature in Life-History Patterns.- Overall Approaches.- Adaptive Significance of Changes in Body Size.- Emphasizing Growth Correlates in the Study of Life-History Patterns.- Patterns of Covariation in Life-History Traits, Body Size, and Ecological Background.- Broad Statistical Surveys.- Ecological Meanings of Trends in Life-History Patterns.- Body Size and Biotic Interactions.- Structuring of Communities and Body Size.- Insular Guilds, Competitive Release, and Changes in Body Size.- Conclusion.- Summary.- References.

Volume

v. 23 ISBN 9780306429774

Description

Evolutionary Biology,ofwhichthisisthetwenty-thirdvolume,continues toofferitsreadersawiderangeoforiginalarticles,reviews,andcom- mentariesonevolution,inthebroadestsenseofthatterm. Thetopicsof thereviewsrangefromanthropology,molecularevolution,andpaleo- biologytoprinciplesofsystematics. Inrecentvolumes,abroadspectrumofarticleshaveappearedon suchsubjectsasbiochemicalsystematics,comparativemorphologyand embryology,evolutionaryecology,biogeography,andpaleobiology. We havealsoattemptedtoprovideaforumforconflictingideas. Articlessuch asthese,oftentoolongforstandardjournals,arethematerialfor Evo- lutionary Biology. Theeditorscontinuetosolicitmanuscriptsonaninternationalscale inanefforttoseethateveryoneofthemanyfacetsofbiologicalevolution iscovered. Manuscriptsshouldbesenttoeitherofthefollowing:Max K. Hecht,DepartmentofBiology,QueensCollegeoftheCityUniversity ofNewYork,Flushing,NewYork11367,orBruceWallace,Department ofBiology,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,Blacks- burg,Virginia24061. TheeditorswishtocongratulateDr. GhilleanT. Pranceonhisnew appointmentatKewBotanicalGardensandthankhimforhiscollabo- rativeeffortsineditingthepastninevolumes. TheEditors vII Contents 1. MaintenanceofaHereditaryVirus:TheSigmaVirusin PopulationsofItsHost, Drosophila melanogaster 1 Annie Fleuriet Introduction 1 FrenchPopulationsof Drosophila melanogaster...2 PolymorphismofPopulations 2 CharacteristicsofWildStrainsoftheSigmaVirus 3 EffectsoftheInfectionuponCarriers...7 ExperimentalPopulations...9 MaintenanceoftheVirusinFrenchNaturalPopulations...12 GeographicalVariationofthe Drosophila-SigmaSystem 14 PolymorphismofPopulations 14 ViralCharacteristics...17 TentativeInterpretationoftheGeographicalPatternObserved 18 OtherSystemsofVerticallyTransmittedViruses 22 ExistenceofDifferentSensitivitiestotheVirus 22 CharacteristicsoftheViruses...23 MaintenanceintheVectorPopulation 24 Appendix:TransmissionofStabilizedandNonstabilized Conditions...26 Self-MaintenanceofStabilizedConditionthroughMaternal Lineage...26 NonstabilizedCondition ...27 References 28 2. Domestication:EvolutionaryChangeunderStress 31 M. J. Kohane and P. A. Parsons Introduction 31 EnvironmentalChangeandDomestication 33 Ix x Contents EcologicalPhenotypes 33 BehavioralPhenotypes...36 AdaptationtoLaboratoryConditions...37 ACaseStudy:DomesticationinFoxes 41 Discussion...43 Summary...45 References 46 3. RangeExpansionandItsGeneticConsequencesinPopulationsof theGiantToad, Bufo marinus...49 Simon Easteal Introduction 49 TheSpreadof Bufo marinus 50 TheIntroductions...50 TheAustralianRangeExpansion 52 GeneticVariationintheIntroducedPopulations...58 TheData...58 GeneticVariability...58 EffectivePopulationSize 62 Dispersal,GeneFlow,andNeighborhoodSize 63 TheGeneticEffectsofRangeExpansion 64 GeographicalPatternsofVariation 74 Conclusion 81 References 82 4. EvolutionbySocialSelection...85 Shozo Yokoyama Introduction 85 ConceptofSocialSelection...86 EvidenceforSocialSelection;...88 MultipleNeurofibromatosis 88 HuntingtonDisease 89 MentalRetardation...90 Schizophrenia 91 SocialSelectionModels...91 AutosomalGenes...92 Contents xl X-LinkedGenes...103 RandomGeneticDriftandVariableSelectionIntensity...112 MaternalEffects 115 DNAPolymorphismandSocialSelection...117 Discussion...118 Summary...121 References 122 5. TheInfluenceofTaxonomicMethodonthePerceptionofPatterns ofEvolution...-...127 Andrew B. Smith and Colin Patterson Introduction 127 TheNatureofTaxa...129 WhyNonmonophyleticGroupsAreNotRealTaxa 131 ParaphyleticTaxaasNaturalAdaptivelyUnifiedGroups. , 131 NonmonophyleticGroupsasValidSamplesof Species-LevelProcesses...132 TheRedQueenHypothesis 134 TaxonDurationIsProportionaltotheNumberofSpecies IncludedintheTaxon 135 TaxonomicExtinctionsunderConsiderationAreLargely Artefactual 139 TheRedQueenasSystematist:TheProbabilityThata TaxonomistWillSplitaGroupIsInverselyProportional totheNumberofSpeciesinThatGroup 142 DecreaseinExtinctionRatethroughTime 142 PeriodicityofExtinction 143 GenericDataandLagerstatten 147 SpeciesDiversity 148 WhatDoFossilSpeciesSample? 152 AnalysisofGaps 153 Summary...

Table of Contents

1. Maintenance of a Hereditary Virus: The Sigma Virus in Populations of Its Host, Drosophila melanogaster.- French Populations of Drosophila melanogaster.- Polymorphism of Populations.- Characteristics of Wild Strains of the Sigma Virus.- Effects of the Infection upon Carriers.- Experimental Populations.- Maintenance of the Virus in French Natural Populations.- Geographical Variation of the Drosophila-Sigma System.- Polymorphism of Populations.- Viral Characteristics.- Tentative Interpretation of the Geographical Pattern Observed.- Other Systems of Vertically Transmitted Viruses.- Existence of Different Sensitivities to the Virus.- Characteristics of the Viruses.- Maintenance in the Vector Population.- Appendix: Transmission of Stabilized and Nonstabilized Conditions.- Self-Maintenance of Stabilized Condition through Maternal Lineage.- Nonstabilized Condition.- References.- 2. Domestication: Evolutionary Change under Stress.- Environmental Change and Domestication.- Ecological Phenotypes.- Behavioral Phenotypes.- Adaptation to Laboratory Conditions.- A Case Study: Domestication in Foxes.- Discussion.- Summary.- References.- 3. Range Expansion and Its Genetic Consequences in Populations of the Giant Toad, Bufo marinus.- The Spread of Bufo marinus.- The Introductions.- The Australian Range Expansion.- Genetic Variation in the Introduced Populations.- The Data.- Genetic Variability.- Effective Population Size.- Dispersal, Gene Flow, and Neighborhood Size.- The Genetic Effects of Range Expansion.- Geographical Patterns of Variation.- Conclusion.- References.- 4. Evolution by Social Selection.- Concept of Social Selection.- Evidence for Social Selection.- Multiple Neurofibromatosis.- Huntington Disease.- Mental Retardation.- Schizophrenia.- Social Selection Models.- Autosomal Genes.- X-Linked Genes.- Random Genetic Drift and Variable Selection Intensity.- Maternal Effects.- DNA Polymorphism and Social Selection.- Discussion.- Summary.- References.- 5. The Influence of Taxonomic Method on the Perception of Patterns of Evolution.- The Nature of Taxa.- Why Nonmonophyletic Groups Are Not Real Taxa.- Paraphyletic Taxa as Natural Adaptively Unified Groups.- Nonmonophyletic Groups as Valid Samples of Species-Level Processes.- The Red Queen Hypothesis.- Taxon Duration Is Proportional to the Number of Species Included in the Taxon.- Taxonomic Extinctions under Consideration Are Largely Artefactual.- The Red Queen as Systematist: The Probability That a Taxonomist Will Split a Group Is Inversely Proportional to the Number of Species in That Group.- Decrease in Extinction Rate through Time.- Periodicity of Extinction.- Generic Data and Lagerstatten.- Species Diversity.- What Do Fossil Species Sample?.- Analysis of Gaps.- Summary.- Appendix 1: Families, Genera, and Species of Echinoderm Listed as Extinct in Sepkoski's Compendia That Have Been Checked.- Families.- Genera and Species.- Appendix 2: Families, Genera, and Species of Fishes That Have Been Checked.- Families.- Genera and Species.- References.- References for Appendix 1.- References for Appendix 2.- 6. Genetic Diversity in Nature: Patterns and Theory.- The Problem.- A Promising Solution.- The Evidence.- Microgeographic Stress Studies in the Field and Laboratory.- Macrogeographic Regional Studies across Israel.- Macrogeographic Global Studies of Protein Diversity Worldwide.- The Theory.- How Much of the Genetic Diversity in Nature Is Adaptive?.- The Genetic-Environmental Methodology: Weaknesses and Strengths.- Does the Evidence of Molecular Polymorphism in Nature Support the Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution?.- Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Their Presumed Physiological Function.- Maintenance of Polymorphisms.- The Matching of Evidence and Selective Theoretical Models.- Conclusions and Prospects.- Summary.- References.- 7. Challenges to the Evolutionary Synthesis.- How Should We Interpret the Synthesis.- Biased Variation, Internal Dynamics, and Evolutionary Conservatism Hierarchy.- Hierarchy.- Unifying Theories.- An Optimistic Conclusion.- References.- 8. Evolution and Genetics of Epigean and Cave Astyanax fasciatus (Characidae, Pisces): Support for the Neutral Mutation Theory.- Taxonomy and Distribution of Epi- and Hypogean Astyanax fasciatus.- The Epigean Fish.- The Hypogean Fish.- Preadaptive Traits.- Lateral Line System.- Auditory Capacity.- Olfactory Organ.- Sexual Behavior.- Regressive Traits.- Eye.- Pineal Organ.- Color Pattern.- Scales.- Aggressive Behavior.- Schooling Behavior.- Activity Control.- Alarm Substance and Fright Reaction.- Light Sensitivity and Phototactic Response.- Constructive Traits.- Gustatory Equipment.- Food Localization and Feeding Behavior.- Metabolic Rates.- Egg Yolk Content and Early Development.- Genetics and the Evolution of Complex Features.- General Principles of Polygene Manifestation in Astyanax fasciatus.- Minimum Number of Genetic Factors.- Evolutionary Significance.- The Phylogenetic Age of the Hypogean Populations.- The Speciation Process of Troglobitic Astyanax fasciatus.- Speciation and Hybridization.- Allozyme Variation.- The Neutral Mutation Theory and Its General Importance in Evolution.- General Principles of the Neutral Mutation Theory.- Recent Criticisms of the Neutral Mutation Theory.- General Evolutionary Significance of Regressive Evolutionary Principles.- Summary.- References.- 9. Random Walk and the Biometrics of Morphological Characters.- The Structurelessness of Random Walks.- The Range Statistic x for Symmetric Random Walk.- Example: Temporal Change in a Miocene Stickleback.- Reduced Speeds.- Chronological Clustering.- Concluding Remarks.- Summary.- References.

Volume

v. 24 ISBN 9780306432996

Description

Presents detailed discussions on the systematic, ecological, and evolutionary implications of the pollination of terrestrial orchids of Southern Australia and the Mediterranean; variation and diversity in deep-sea echinoids; the molecular evolution of the alcohol dehydrogenase genes in Drosophila;

Volume

v. 25 ISBN 9780306436444

Description

Evolutionary Biology celebrates its Quarter-Century Anniversary! 'Evolutionary Biology occupies a unique and valuable place in the evolutionary literature...The editors are to be congratulated on their continuing ability to attract interesting articles.' --- The Journal of Evolutionary Biology

Table of Contents

• Evolutionary Theory and Processes of Active Speciation and Adaptive Radiation in Subterranean Mole Rats, Spalax ehrenbergi Superspecies in Israel
• E. Nevo. The Evolution of Regulatory Genes and Patterns in Drosophilia
• W.J. Dickinson. A Longterm Study Involving Drosophila melanogaster and Toxic Media
• L. Ehrman, et al. A Molecular Perspective on the Evolutionary Relationships of the Salamander Families
• A. Larson. The Biological Explosion at the PrecambrianCambrian Boundary
• J.W. Valentine, et al. Apparent Adaptation and Actual Performance
• R. McNeill Alexander. On the Measurement of Morphological Rates of Evolution: A Review
• E.J. Fenster, et al. Phenotypic Plasticity in a Cretaceous Ammonite Analysed by Multivariate Statistical Methods: A Methodological Study
• R.A. Reyment, et al. Wilhelm Roux: Early Historical Inferences Regarding the 'Why' of Nuclear Division Patterns with a Translation of Roux (1883) M. Grene, et al. Index.

Volume

v. 26 ISBN 9780306441547

Description

This latest volume continues the series' focus on critical reviews, commentaries, original papers, and controversies in the field of evolutionary biology.

Table of Contents

• Function and Evolution of Actins
• K.S. Reece et al. Evolutionary and Population Perspectives of the Human HLA Complex
• W. Klitz, et al. Protein Heterozygosity, Protein Structure, and Taxonomic Differentiation
• R.D. Ward, et al. Accumulation of Lethals and Suppression of Genetic Load in Irradiated Populations of Drosophila Melanogaster
• H. Nothel Evolutionary Adaptation and Stress
• P.A. Parsons Molecular Clones Within Organismal Clones
• J.C. Avise, et al. Crop Domestication and the Evolutionary Ecology of Cocona
• J. Salick The Support of Hydrostatic Load in Cephalopod Shells
• D.K. Jacobs Inversion Polymorphism in Island Species of Drosophila
• M. Wasserman Index.

Volume

v. 27 ISBN 9780306444753

Description

The current volume includes articles on the conceptual relationship of ontogeny, phylogeny, and classification; correlation studies of spatial patterns of genetic variation; and the evolution of flower display and reward. about a previous volume: 'Excellent; we should all press for its maintenance in our institution's libraries.' Biologist

Table of Contents

• The Conceptual Relationship of Ontogeny, Phylogeny, and Classification
• O. Rieppel. History, Function, and Evolutionary Biology
• N. Eldredge. The Use of Molecular and Biochemical Markers in Crop Evolution Studies
• P. Gepts. Recent Advances in Correlation Studies of Spatial Patterns of Genetic Variation
• B.K. Epperson. Evolution of Retroposons
• P.L. Deininger, M.A. Batzer. The Evolution of Flower Display and Reward
• D. Cohen, A. Shmida. The Origin of Mosasaurs as a Model of Macroevolutionary Patterns and Processes
• M. deBraga, R.L. Carroll. A History of an Extinct Reptilion Clada Clade, the Choristodera
• S.E. Evans, M.K. Hecht. Early Metazoan Evolution and the Meaning of its Fossil Record
• J. Dzik. A Developmental Model for Evolution of the Vertebrate Exoskeleton and Teeth
• M.M. Smith, B.K. Hall. Index.

Volume

v. 28 ISBN 9780306449277

Description

From reviews of the series: 'Evolutionary Biology occupies a unique and valuable place in the evolutionary literature...The editors are to be congratulated on their continuing ability to attract interesting articles.'--The Journal of Evolutionary Biology 'The scope of Evolutionary Biology is vast...This series is...excellent; we should all press for its maintenance in our institutions, libraries.'--Biologist

Table of Contents

• Homology and Embryonic Development
• B.K. Hall The Evolution of Paired Fins and the Origin and Tetrapod Limbs: Phylogenetic and Transformational Approaches
• N. Shubin Drosphila Molecular Phylogenies and Their Uses
• J.R. Powell, R. DeSalle Plant Molecular Systematics: Inferences of Phylogeny and Evolutionary Processes
• P.S. Soltis, D.E. Soltis The Impact of Historical Contingency on Gene Phylogeny: Plant Actin Diversity
• R.B. Meagher Evolution as a Lottery Conflicting with Evolution via Sexual Selection in African Rainforest dwelling Killifishes Cyprinodontidae, Rivulinae, Diapteron
• A. Brosset, D. Lachaise Index.

Volume

v. 29 ISBN 9780306452307

Description

After volume 33, this book series was replaced by the journal "Evolutionary Biology." Please visit www.springer.com/11692 for further information. In Volume 29, internationally acclaimed researchers address a broad range of topics including the organization of eukaryotic genes, evolution of Drosophila mating systems, and evolutionary-developmental approaches to fin/limb transformation.

Table of Contents

• The Organization of Eukaryotic Genes
• G. Maroni A Common Ancestry for Drosophila Alcohol Dehydrogenase, and Human 11GBPIiGBPhydroxysteroid, 17GBPIiGBPhydroxysteroid and 15hydroxyprostaglandin Dehyrogenases: Insights into ADH Evolution, Substrate Specificity and Function
• M.E. Baker Stress, Resources, Energy Balances and Evolutionary Change
• P.A. Parsons Evolution of Drosophila Mating Systems
• T.A. Markow Pollination Biology and the Evolution of Mating System in Flowering Plants
• K.E. Holsinger Sympatry and Niche Shift among Temperate Zone Chymomyza Diptera: Drosophilidae and the Mate Recognition Controversy
• H.T. Band Bauplane, Phylotypic Stages and Constraint: Why There Are So Few Types of Animals
• B.K. Hall From Fins to Limbs: Developmental Perspectives on Palaeontological and Morphological Evidence
• R. Hinchliffe, E. Vorobyeva Index.

Volume

v. 30 ISBN 9780306456749

Description

After volume 33, this book series was replaced by the journal "Evolutionary Biology." Please visit www.springer.com/11692 for further information. Volume 30 brings readers up to date on the investigation of eminent evolutionary biologists and paleobiologists. Contributions explore such topics as * Adaptation in Drosophila and the role of cytochrome P450s * Population genetics and species conservation of the cheetah * germ-layer theory * assymetry in the mammalian skeleton * genetic diversity of marine fish * the phenomenon of industrial melanism * the variation in lizard cranal kinesis.Other chapters focus on such issues as overdominance and its relation to higher mutation-rate estimates and the use of molecular clocks in determining the rate of nucleotide substitution in higher plants.

Table of Contents

• 1. Overdominance: A Half Century Later
• J.F. Crow. 2. The Molecular Basis of Adaptation in Drosophila: The Role of Cytochrome, P450s
• J.C. Fogleman, et al. 3. Intersection of Population Genetics and Species Conservation: The Cheetah's Dilemma
• S.J. O'Brien. 4. Molecular Clocks and Nucleotide Substitution Rates in Higher Plants
• B.S. Gaut. 5. Germ Layers and the Germ Layer Theory Revisited: Primary and Secondary Germ Layers, Neural Crest as a Fourth Germ Layer, Homology, and Demise of the GermLayer Theory
• B.K. Hall. 6. Fluctuating Asymmetry in the Mammalian Skeleton: Evolutionary and Developmental Implications
• B. Hallgrimmson. 7. Genetic Diversity and Dispersal Capabilities in Marine Fish
• S. Planes. 8. The `Classical' Explanation of Industrial Melanism: Assessing the Evidence
• T.D. Sargent, et al. 9. Cranial Kinesis in Lizards: Variations, Uses, and Origins
• E.N. Arnold. Index.

Volume

v. 31 ISBN 9780306461781

Description

After volume 33, this book series was replaced by the journal "Evolutionary Biology." This volume continues bringing to readers the findings of eminent evolutionary biologists and paleobiologists. Among the topics discussed in this book are the origin of the dermal skeleton in conodont chordates, patterns of nucleotide substitution and codon usage in plasmid DNA evolution, a model to explain phenotype stability in functional systems, and inter-island speciation of Hawaiian biota.

Table of Contents

• 1. Speciation Processes in the Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Plants and Animals
• E.M. Craddock. 2. Codon Bias and the Context Dependency of Nucleotide Substitutions in the Evolution of Plastid DNA
• B.R. Morton. 3. The Origin of the Mineral Skeleton in Chordates
• J. Dzik. 4. Evolutionary Stable Configurations: Functional Integration and the Evolution of Phenotypic Stability
• G.P. Wagner, K. Schwenk. Acknowledgements. Appendix A. Appendix B. References.

Volume

v. 33 ISBN 9780306472619

Description

After volume 33, this book series was replaced by the journal "Evolutionary Biology." Please visit www.springer.com/11692 for further information. This volume is the 33rd in this series, which includes 32 numbered volumes and an unnumbered supplement. Several special volumes have also been published as separate monographs. This volume, like the others in the series, has chapters devoted to a broad spectrum of topics. Indeed, the editors continue to solicit manuscripts on subjects covered by the encompassing rubric of Evolutionary Biology. "Volume 33 continues the grand tradition of Evolutionary Biology in being the most comprehensive series in the field. The chapters are always up-to-date, informative, and stimulating; sometimes infuriating. Just what good scientific literature should be! Particularly attractive is the free-wheeling spirit of the series: no style or length is imposed. If you want to remain cognizant of contemporary evolutionary advances in general and have time to read only one volume a year outside your own specialty, make it Evolutionary Biology." (Jeffrey R. Powell, Ph.D., Yale University)

Table of Contents

• Unifying Theory and Methodology in Biogeography
• B.S. Lieberman. The Evolutionary Origin and Maintenance of Sexual Recombination: A Review of Contemporary Models
• J.A. Birdsell, C. Wills. Phylogenetic, Geographical and Temporal analysis of Female Reproductive Tradeoff in Drosphilidae
• T. Starmer, et al. Benefits of Polyandry: A Life History Perspective
• D.J. Hosken, P. Stockley. Index.

by "Nielsen BookData"

Details

• NCID: BA00552849
• ISBN:
  • 0306500124
  • 0390270326
  • 0390270334
  • 0390270342
  • 0306354071
  • 030635408X
  • 0306354098
  • 0306354101
  • 0306405105
  • 0306407752
  • 0306410427
  • 0306414082
  • 0306416514
  • 030641760X
  • 0306421348
  • 0306422530
  • 0306424576
  • 0306427427
  • 0306429772
  • 0306432994
  • 0306436442
  • 0306441543
  • 0306444755
  • 0306449277
  • 0306452308
  • 0306456745
  • 0306461781
  • 0306472619
• LCCN: 67011961
• Country Code: us
• Title Language Code: eng
• Text Language Code: eng
• Place of Publication: New York
• Pages/Volumes: v.
• Size: 24 cm
• Classification:
  • DC : 575
  • LCC : QH366.A2
• Subject Headings:
  • LCSH : Evolution